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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do ovaries produce and what are its endocrine function?
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Ovaries produce eggs endocrinology: estrogen and progesterone
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What is included in the tubular portion of the mares reproduction tract (6)?
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-vulvu
-vestibule -vagina -cervix -uterus -oviducts |
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What is the broad ligament?
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two lateral ligaments supporting the uterus and ovaries and composed of two layers of peritoneum (membrane).
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What type of estrous cycle does a horse have?
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Seasonally polyestrous
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Describe seasonal polyestrous.
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-multiple estrous/ovulatory cycles
-March/April through Sept/Oct -June to August is greatest reproductive activity -has transitional phases |
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What is sexual photoreceptivity?
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-response to increasing daylight
-GnRH from stimulated hypothalamus causes release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary -long day breeder |
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What does puberty depend on? (6)
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-genetics
-nutrition -stress -disease -pathology -environment |
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What is the difference between sexual maturity and puberty?
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Puberty is the start of estrous cycles and fertility, where-as maturity is the ability to raise a healthy baby (usually after puberty).
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When does puberty usually occur in mares?
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12-18 months of age
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What are the stages of the Estrous cycle?(5)
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-proestrus (1-3)
-estrus (5-7 days) -metestrus -diestrus (14-16 days) -anaestrus (5-7 months) |
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What occurs during proestrus?
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-preparation for release of oocytes
-increased FSH, estrogen, and follicle size. -decreased LH |
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What occurs during estrus?
*Note spelling; not the same as Estrous!! |
-sexual receptivity to stallion
-ovulation 24-48 hrs before end of this cycle -increased estrogen -decreased progesterone |
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What occurs during metestrus?
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-development of CL (corpus luteum)
-increased progesterone -decreased estrogen |
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What is approximate rupture size of follicle?
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42mm
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What do luteal cells produce and where are they formed?
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They produce progesterone and line corpus luteum.
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What occurs during diestrus?
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-period of highest progesterone production
-late in diestrus, prostaglandins cause CL to regress +decreased progesterone, increased FSH, new cycle begins |
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What is anaestrus?
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Period between breeding seasons.
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What are some ways to test what cycle a mare is in?
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-behavior
-rectal exam -ultrasound exams -vaginal speculum exam |
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What is teasing?
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-the cornerstone of a successful breeding program
-exposing mare to sexual advances of stallion and recording response |
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What are behavioral signs of diestrus?
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Active antagonism:
-pinned ears -squealing -striking/kicking -attempt to flee |
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What are the signs of proestrus and metestrus?
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Not angry, more receptive but not wanting to breed yet.
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What are the signs of estrus?
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-squating
-urinating -winking -approaches male |
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How does the uterine tone change during estrus?
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Tone becomes more flacid (dough-like), increased adema (water build-up).
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How do the ovaries change during estrus through rectal and ultrasound methods?
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-follicle size increases
-follicles firm up -24-48 hrs before end of estrus, follicle softens, deforms, and ovulates. |
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What cervical changes can be seen using a vaginal speculum exam?
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diestrus: no fluid, solid tone
estrus: dough-like tone, increased edema, pink, and "melted onto vaginal floor". |
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Where does fertilization take place? How long does egg stay here?
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In oviduct. Stays for 3-5 days before moving into uterine horn.
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When does implantation occur after fertilization?
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Around day 16
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What is the life expectancy of eggs and sperm?
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egg: 12 hours
sperm: 3-5 days |
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What are the common types of breeding methods?
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-pasture breeding
-hand breeding (with handler) -artificial insemination |
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How long are horses pregnant for?
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340 Days on average
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When can you test for pregnancy through rectal exams? U/S? Laboratory testing?
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-40 days
-10 days *prefer 16 incase of twins -90 to 100 days using estrone sulfate (not used often). |
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When hand breeding, what can often be used for safety of horses and handler?
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-twitch
-tranquilizers -shackles |
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What are the three stages of pregnancy?
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1) period of ovum/blastula
2) period of organogenesis 3) period of fetal growth |
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What happens and how long during the period of ovum/blastula stage of pregnancy?
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Increase in cell numbers during days 1-12
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What happens (and how long)during the period of organogenesis?
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Development of organ systems from days 12-60.
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What happens and how long is the period of fetal growth in pregancy?
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Final details, maturation, and growth through days 60-340.
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What 4 simple things can you do for the mare to help with pregancy and health of foal?
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-good nutrition
-vaccinations -de-worming -exercise |
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What are the functions of the placenta?
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-protection
-nutrition -waste management -enzymes and hormones |
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What are the parts of the fetal placenta?
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-amnion
-allanto-chorion |
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What is the endometrium?
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The maternal placenta
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What are the different types of placenta in horses?
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-fetal placenta
-maternal placenta -diffuse placenta |
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When should all vaccines be given to a mare during pregnancy and why?
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Around 10 months of pregnancy to increase antibody production in colostrum.
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What is the endometrium?
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The maternal placenta
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What are the different types of placenta in horses?
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-fetal placenta
-maternal placenta -diffuse placenta |
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When should all vaccines be given to a mare during pregnancy and why?
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Around 10 months of pregnancy to increase antibody production in colostrum.
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What are 4 signs of parturition? How long before birth do these signs appear?
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-udder development: 2-6 weeks
-croup/perineal relaxation: 7-10 days -udder distention, colostrum: 2-7 days -waxing: 6-48 hours |
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What is waxing?
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Colostrum drips from udders and solidifies into a waxy substance
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Describe the first stage of parturition.
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-active uterine muscle contraction
-1-4 hours long -signs of abdominal discomfort |
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Describe the second stage of parturition.
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-entrance of fetus into birth canal
-rupture of chorio-allantois (breaking water) -labor (abdominal contractions) -expulsion of fetus -generally less than 30 minutes |
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Describe the third stage of parturition.
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-Expulsion of fetal membranes
+within 4 hours +retained placenta is life threatening -uterine involution (shrinking to normal size) |
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What is abnormal birthing (positions) called?
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distosia
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When does estrous begin after parturition?
What is this called? |
-11 days later
-foal heat |
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What drug can be administered to initiate/continue contractions?
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oxytocin
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What exams are performed before breeding a mare?
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-in estrus exam
-rectal exam -ultrasound exam -vaginal speculum exam -uterine culture |
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When is artificial lighting used and how?
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From December 1-15th with a 200W incandescent light for approximately 16hrs/day.
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What are the 4 ways of modifying the estrous cycle?
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1) Prostaglandin
2) HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) 3) Progesterone 4) Artificial lighting |
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Describe how prostaglandin works and when it's given.
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-causes regression of CL
-causes estrus in 4-7 days -mares may react with transient sweating, trembling, and crampiness -administer at least 5 days after natural estous to be effective |
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How does HCG work, and what does HCG stand for?
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-Causes LH activity
-Induces ovulation in 24-48 hours -Follicle size must be greater than 32mm to use -HCG= human chorionic gonadotropin |
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What is progesterone used for and what may accompany it?
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Used to keep mares out of heat if aborting preganancy is normal. It is used during transitional phase along with prostaglandin do regulate time of estrus.
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What is the common name of progesterone given orally?
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Regumate
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What is the purpose of the Kasslic's surgery (spelling?)?
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-mares vulva sticks out further than vulva allowing contamination
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How is Kasslics surgery performed?
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-tie tail away
-clean area and steralize -local anesthetic around rim -cut away outer layer of skin to be sutured -suture from bottom up leaving room to urinate. *sutures need to be removed before parturition! |
