Human Physiology Chapter 21: Immune System Part 1 Flash Cards

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Title: Human Physiology Chapter 21: Immune System Part 1
Description: Flashcards for important physiological concepts and definitions for chapter 21
Number of Cards: 141
Save Count: 1
Author: dockwashington9
Created: 2011-12-08
Tags: human physiology
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • What does immunity mean?
    • Resistance to disease
    • What are two intrinsic systems of the Immune system?
    • 1. Innate
      2. Adaptive
    • Is the Innate defense system specific or nonspecific?
    • Nonspecific!
    • Is the adaptive defense system specific or nonspecific?
    • Specific!
    • Immunity has how many lines of defense?
    • 3!
    • Innate defense system includes which lines of defense?
    • The first two lines of defense
    • What is the First Line of Defense?
    • It is the surface barriers: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
    • What is the Second Line of Defense?
    • It is the internal cellular and chemical defenses
    • What is included the Second Line of Defense, cell wise?
    • Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
    • What is the most important mechanism in the Second Line of Defense?
    • Inflammation!!!
    • Which line of defense is in the Adaptive Defense system?
    • The Third Line of Defense!
    • What does the Third Line of Defense include?
    • Humoral and Cellular Immunity
    • The Third Line of Defense attacks what substances?
    • Particular foreign substances
    • Which defense system is quicker to respond?
    • Innate Defense System
    • Fever is part of what defense? What line of defense?
    • Innate Defense in the 2nd line of defense
    • Do Innate Defenses create memory when they defending cells?
    • NO!
    • Which defense creates memory?
    • ONLY Adaptive Defense!
    • Mucous membranes line what 5 organs?
    • 1. Nasal and oral cavities
      2. Respiratory Passages
      3. Digestive Tract
      4. Urinary Tract
      5. Vagina and Uterus
    • What are the 4 surface barriers in the first line of defense?
    • 1. Skin
      2. Mucous Membranes
      3. Acidic Environment
      4. Fluid flow or dilution
    • What does an acidic environment do on the skin?
    • Inhibits or destroys microorganisms
    • What does the vagina secrete as part of the first line of defense?
    • Lactic Acid
    • Lysozyme of what two things kill bacteria?
    • Saliva and Tears
    • What are two defenses that are part of the second line of defense?
    • 1. Phagocytes
      2. Inflammation
    • Phagocytes destroy microbes by what?
    • Phagocytosis
    • What are two types of phagocytes?
    • 1. Macrophages
      2. Neutrophils
    • What are Macrophages?
    • They develop from monocytes (WBC) to become chief phagocytic cells
    • What are the two types of Macrophages?
    • 1. Free Macrophages
      2. Fixed Macrophages
    • What are free macrophages?
    • Movely freely through tissue spaces like in alveoli
    • What are fixed macrophages?
    • Permanent residents of some organs like in brain and liver
    • What are Neutrophils?
    • They are phagocytes that become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in tissue
    • Phagocytes may also do what besides engulf and digest cells?
    • May release oxidizing chemicals: hydrogen peroxide and a substance identical to bleach
    • What is the Inflammatory Response triggered?
    • Whenever the body tissues are injured or infected
    • What are 3 purposes of inflammation?
    • 1. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
      2. Prevents the spread of damaging agents
      3. Sets the stage for healing
    • What are 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
    • Heat and Redness
      Pain and Swelling
    • What is the 5th sometimes cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
    • Impairment of functions
    • What are the 3 events in inflammation?
    • 1. Injury occurs
      2. Damaged tissue releases chemical mediators
      3. Chemical mediators cause a variety of effects
    • What chemical mediators are released by damaged tissues?
    • Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement
    • What else can release the chemical mediators that are released by damaged tissues?
    • Phagocytes, lymphocytes and other cells
    • What are the three main effects of chemical mediators released during inflammation?
    • 1. Vasodilation
      2. Increased capillary permeability
      3. Phagocyte Mobilization
    • When arterioles dilate due to inflammation, what occurs?
    • Local hyperemia (blood flow) which causes heat and redness
    • Increased heat and redness increases what? Which causes what?
    • Increases metabolic rate of defending cells which promotes healing
    • What is formed when chemical mediators make capillaries more permeable?
    • Exudate forms when fluids leave capillaries and enter the IF
    • What is exudate?
    • Exudate contains proteins, clotting factors and antibodies
    • What is the purpose of exudate?
    • Brings oxygen and nutrients to damaged tissue
    • Fluid in the interstitial space causes what?
    • Pain and swelling which may limit movement
    • How does the body remove exudate from the IF?
    • Picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and cleansed by the lymph nodes
    • Chemical mediators cause phagocytes to become mobilize and Leukocytosis-inducing factor causes what?
    • More leukocytes (WBCs) to enter the blood
    • What are the four steps of Phagocyte Mobilization?
    • Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis
    • What is Leukocytosis?
    • Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
    • What is Margination?
    • Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
    • What is Diapedesis?
    • Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
    • What is Chemotaxis?
    • Neutrophils are attracted to injury site
    • Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as what kind of agents?
    • Chemotactic agents
    • What arrive first as part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
    • Neutrophils but quickly die off
    • What arrive after Neutrophils in Phagocyte Mobilization?
    • Monocytes
    • Monocytes differentiate into what to ill microbes, etc in Phagocyte Mobilization?
    • Differentiate into Macrophages!
    • Pus may be formed during what part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
    • Phagocytosis of pathogens and dead tissue cells
    • An abscess may form due to what occurring?
    • Area not completely cleared of debris
    • Antimicrobial Proteins in the 2nd line of Defense attack and inhibit what?
    • Attack microorganisms directly and inhibit their reproduction
    • What are interferons?
    • They are groups of proteins that binds to an uninfected cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
    • When Host Cell 1 becomes infected, interferons come where?
    • The host cell itself makes interferons which then go on to bind to host cell 2 which induces synthesis of protective proteins
    • What is Complement?
    • Complex group of plasma proteins
    • What does Complement cause?
    • Causes cascade of events:
      1. Amplifies all aspects of inflammatory response
      2. Kills bacteria by cell lysis
      3. Enhances nonspecific and specific defenses
    • What is Opsonization?
    • It is the coating of a pathogen surface which enhances phagocytosis
    • What is a Fever?
    • It is the systemic response to invading microorganisms
    • During a fever, leukocytes and macrophages secrete what when exposed to foreign substances?
    • Pyrogens
    • What are Pyrogens?
    • They act on the body's thermostat in the hypothalamus to cause a fever
    • Where do Pyrogens act?
    • On the Hypothalamus
    • What are two benefits of a moderate fever?
    • 1. Liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (which is needed by microorganisms)
      2. increases metabolic rate = increased repairing
    • The Adaptive immune response has what three things?
    • Specific, systemic and has memory
    • What are the two separate overlapping arms of Adaptive Immune Response?
    • 1. Humoral immunity
      2. Cellular Immunity
    • Is Humoral immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
    • Antibody-Mediated!
    • Is Cellular Immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
    • Cell-Mediated!
    • Antibodies are what type of molecule?
    • Proteins!
    • Humoral Immunity is carried out by what?
    • B Lymphocytes!