Human Physiology Chapter 21: Immune System Part 1 Flash Cards

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Title:	Human Physiology Chapter 21: Immune System Part 1
Description:	Flashcards for important physiological concepts and definitions for chapter 21
Number of Cards:	141
Save Count:	1
Author:	dockwashington9
Created:	2011-12-08
Tags:	human physiology
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- What does immunity mean?
- Resistance to disease
- What are two intrinsic systems of the Immune system?
- 1. Innate
  2. Adaptive
- Is the Innate defense system specific or nonspecific?
- Nonspecific!
- Is the adaptive defense system specific or nonspecific?
- Specific!
- Immunity has how many lines of defense?
- 3!
- Innate defense system includes which lines of defense?
- The first two lines of defense
- What is the First Line of Defense?
- It is the surface barriers: external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
- What is the Second Line of Defense?
- It is the internal cellular and chemical defenses
- What is included the Second Line of Defense, cell wise?
- Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
- What is the most important mechanism in the Second Line of Defense?
- Inflammation!!!
- Which line of defense is in the Adaptive Defense system?
- The Third Line of Defense!
- What does the Third Line of Defense include?
- Humoral and Cellular Immunity
- The Third Line of Defense attacks what substances?
- Particular foreign substances
- Which defense system is quicker to respond?
- Innate Defense System
- Fever is part of what defense? What line of defense?
- Innate Defense in the 2nd line of defense
- Do Innate Defenses create memory when they defending cells?
- NO!
- Which defense creates memory?
- ONLY Adaptive Defense!
- Mucous membranes line what 5 organs?
- 1. Nasal and oral cavities
  2. Respiratory Passages
  3. Digestive Tract
  4. Urinary Tract
  5. Vagina and Uterus
- What are the 4 surface barriers in the first line of defense?
- 1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membranes
  3. Acidic Environment
  4. Fluid flow or dilution
- What does an acidic environment do on the skin?
- Inhibits or destroys microorganisms
- What does the vagina secrete as part of the first line of defense?
- Lactic Acid
- Lysozyme of what two things kill bacteria?
- Saliva and Tears
- What are two defenses that are part of the second line of defense?
- 1. Phagocytes
  2. Inflammation
- Phagocytes destroy microbes by what?
- Phagocytosis
- What are two types of phagocytes?
- 1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
- What are Macrophages?
- They develop from monocytes (WBC) to become chief phagocytic cells
- What are the two types of Macrophages?
- 1. Free Macrophages
  2. Fixed Macrophages
- What are free macrophages?
- Movely freely through tissue spaces like in alveoli
- What are fixed macrophages?
- Permanent residents of some organs like in brain and liver
- What are Neutrophils?
- They are phagocytes that become phagocytic when they encounter infectious material in tissue
- Phagocytes may also do what besides engulf and digest cells?
- May release oxidizing chemicals: hydrogen peroxide and a substance identical to bleach
- What is the Inflammatory Response triggered?
- Whenever the body tissues are injured or infected
- What are 3 purposes of inflammation?
- 1. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  2. Prevents the spread of damaging agents
  3. Sets the stage for healing
- What are 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
- Heat and Redness
  Pain and Swelling
- What is the 5th sometimes cardinal sign of acute inflammation?
- Impairment of functions
- What are the 3 events in inflammation?
- 1. Injury occurs
  2. Damaged tissue releases chemical mediators
  3. Chemical mediators cause a variety of effects
- What chemical mediators are released by damaged tissues?
- Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement
- What else can release the chemical mediators that are released by damaged tissues?
- Phagocytes, lymphocytes and other cells
- What are the three main effects of chemical mediators released during inflammation?
- 1. Vasodilation
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Phagocyte Mobilization
- When arterioles dilate due to inflammation, what occurs?
- Local hyperemia (blood flow) which causes heat and redness
- Increased heat and redness increases what? Which causes what?
- Increases metabolic rate of defending cells which promotes healing
- What is formed when chemical mediators make capillaries more permeable?
- Exudate forms when fluids leave capillaries and enter the IF
- What is exudate?
- Exudate contains proteins, clotting factors and antibodies
- What is the purpose of exudate?
- Brings oxygen and nutrients to damaged tissue
- Fluid in the interstitial space causes what?
- Pain and swelling which may limit movement
- How does the body remove exudate from the IF?
- Picked up by the lymphatic capillaries and cleansed by the lymph nodes
- Chemical mediators cause phagocytes to become mobilize and Leukocytosis-inducing factor causes what?
- More leukocytes (WBCs) to enter the blood
- What are the four steps of Phagocyte Mobilization?
- Leukocytosis, Margination, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis
- What is Leukocytosis?
- Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
- What is Margination?
- Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
- What is Diapedesis?
- Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries
- What is Chemotaxis?
- Neutrophils are attracted to injury site
- Inflammatory chemicals diffusing from the inflamed site act as what kind of agents?
- Chemotactic agents
- What arrive first as part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
- Neutrophils but quickly die off
- What arrive after Neutrophils in Phagocyte Mobilization?
- Monocytes
- Monocytes differentiate into what to ill microbes, etc in Phagocyte Mobilization?
- Differentiate into Macrophages!
- Pus may be formed during what part of Phagocyte Mobilization?
- Phagocytosis of pathogens and dead tissue cells
- An abscess may form due to what occurring?
- Area not completely cleared of debris
- Antimicrobial Proteins in the 2nd line of Defense attack and inhibit what?
- Attack microorganisms directly and inhibit their reproduction
- What are interferons?
- They are groups of proteins that binds to an uninfected cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins
- When Host Cell 1 becomes infected, interferons come where?
- The host cell itself makes interferons which then go on to bind to host cell 2 which induces synthesis of protective proteins
- What is Complement?
- Complex group of plasma proteins
- What does Complement cause?
- Causes cascade of events:
  1. Amplifies all aspects of inflammatory response
  2. Kills bacteria by cell lysis
  3. Enhances nonspecific and specific defenses
- What is Opsonization?
- It is the coating of a pathogen surface which enhances phagocytosis
- What is a Fever?
- It is the systemic response to invading microorganisms
- During a fever, leukocytes and macrophages secrete what when exposed to foreign substances?
- Pyrogens
- What are Pyrogens?
- They act on the body's thermostat in the hypothalamus to cause a fever
- Where do Pyrogens act?
- On the Hypothalamus
- What are two benefits of a moderate fever?
- 1. Liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (which is needed by microorganisms)
  2. increases metabolic rate = increased repairing
- The Adaptive immune response has what three things?
- Specific, systemic and has memory
- What are the two separate overlapping arms of Adaptive Immune Response?
- 1. Humoral immunity
  2. Cellular Immunity
- Is Humoral immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
- Antibody-Mediated!
- Is Cellular Immunity antibody-mediated or cell-mediated?
- Cell-Mediated!
- Antibodies are what type of molecule?
- Proteins!
- Humoral Immunity is carried out by what?
- B Lymphocytes!