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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First dispersal of genus Homo and Contemporaries
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Early Hominins in Africa
Around 2 mya expands to other areas Old World |
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New kind of Hominid
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Homo erectus
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Morphology of Homo erectus
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Variations but shared several common traits:
body size, brain size, and cranial shape |
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Body size
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increase height and weight
Robust |
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brain size
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cranial size most obvious difference from early hom
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Cranial shape
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cranial bone: thick
brow ridge: large Nuchal torus: back of skull forehead: low width of cranium: wide at base |
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First Homo erectus
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Homo erectus from from Africa
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first erectus found
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east turkana
an almost complete skill was discovered |
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West Turkana
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the most complete erectus skeleton ever found
frequently called "homo ergaster" |
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Olduvai
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Louis Leaky unearthed a fossil skull here
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Key Homo erectus discoveries from Africa
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east turkana
nariokotome olduvai gorge |
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early travelers
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Emigration out of Africa earlier than previously thought
found in Java, Indonesia |
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Dmanisi
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easternmost Europe
Republic of Georgia new discovered fossils dated radiometrically to 1.75 mya |
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Dmanisi features
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Front of skull looks more like smaller "eraly homo" specimen from east africa
stone tools not as advanced as "acheuian" tools associated with erectus seem to be easrly primitive form of homo erectus |
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Homo erectus is Asia
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Indonesia and China
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Homo in Indonesia
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Eugene Dubois
Seeks missing link Joins Dutch East Indian Army |
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Pithecanthropus erectus
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Next year a human femur (upright)
Dubois named it Now agreed it is Homo erectus |
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H erectus from Java
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Sites yield H erectus fossils
early dates range from 1.8 -1.6 mya some unusually recent dates |
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H erectus from china
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Zhoukoudian Homo erectus
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Zhoukoudian H erectus discoveries in Peking
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ancient mammal bones sold in apothecary shop
fossils discovered at Zoukoudian cave Largest collection of H erectus material anywhere |
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Zhoukoudian Cultural remains
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more than 100,000 artifacts recovered
cave site occupied for thousands of years way of life |
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Traditional View ( assumptions)
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Described as "hunter-gatherer"
used fire interpretation now rejected by some |
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Challenges by recent reseachers
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probably not a hunter
remains are refuse of giant hyena carnivores probably didnt make fire the "ash" layers are organic settlementt cave not inhabited had a verticle shaft and was a "trap" instead of a shelter |
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Asian homo erectus
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Asian crania from Java to China similar
African Homo are older and dfferent from asian in several ways |
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Asian Homo erectus v African
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Thinner cranial bones
should be classified as separate species "homo ergaster" for African remains |
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Sites
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Atapuerca
sima del elefante Gran Dolina |
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Atapuerca Site
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West Europe, Spain
includes 2 sites 1. Sima del elefante 2. gran Dolina |
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Sima del Elefante
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Atapuerca
Northern Spain Oldest hominin found in western Europe |
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Gran Dolina
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Northern Spain
Atapuerca region Spanish paleoanthropoligist name new species "homo antecessor" |
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Homo antecessor
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refers to fossils found at Gran Dolina First
Now including Sima del Elefante |
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Trends in Homo erectus
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Liked to travel
suggest constructed ocean going vessels embraced culture as a strategy of adaption |
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Technological Trends
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Stone tool industries
Acheulian ( H erectus developed) |
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Acheulian
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Important change
biface core tool worked both sides "hand ax" |
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Migrations Homo erectus Java and East Europe
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Migrated east to Java very early
About the same time another migration route to eastern Europe |
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Homo heidelbergensis
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much like modern human
still significantly different "pre modern humans" |
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When was homo heidelbergensis
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Pleistocene
Often called the Ice Age |
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Characteristics of heidelbergensis
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Earliest premoderns
larger brain rebounded brain case maximum breath higher- not wider at base trend toward brain expansion |
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Differences
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diverse group over 3 continents
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Archaic Homo Sapiens
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europe and africa
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Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene
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1. Africa
2. Europe 3. Asia |
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Bodo
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One of the earliest Homo heidelbergensis in Africa
Evidence of butchering |
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Sima de los Huesos
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Atapuerca, Spain
Near Gran Dolina "pile of bones" most middle ice age hominids remains found here |
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Africa H heidelbergensis evolved into
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modern homo sapiens
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asian H H evolved into
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Neandertal 1
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The Levallois Technique
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used for making stone tool
requires several steps to control flake size and shape |
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Schoningen
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Germany
3 preserved wooden spears finely made and expertly balanced spears indicate advanced hunting |
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Neandertals
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"homo sapiens"
neandertalensis or homo neandertalensis |
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Neandertal features brain:
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Larger than today's human
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Cranium and face
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large low, long, bulging at sides,
brow ridges arched face projects |
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post cranial
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robust, barrel chested powerful muscles
shorter limbs adaptation to living in cold climate |
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Neadertal discoveries
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Western Europe
Central Europe Western Asia Central Asia |
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La Chapelle aux-saints
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Southwest France
Shallow grae with flexed burial |
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Macellin Boule
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paleontologist studied La Chappelle
unusually robust brutish, bent kneed and not ful biped |
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Moula Guercy Cave
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France
Neandertal cannibalism |
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St Cesaire
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More recent neandertalfinds
southwest france borrow tool making techniques from modern humans |
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Upper Paleolithic
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culture period associated with modern humans
central europe |
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Kaprina
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Croatia
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Vindija Cave
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Croatia near Kaprina
less robust than classis among recen neandertals found smaller browridge and slight chin developmetn |
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Tabun Cave
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israel
less robust than European classis comtemporary w/modern H sapeins |
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Kebara Cave
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Isreal
skeleton with most complete pelvis first "hyoid" bone found |
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Shanidar
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Shanidar Cave (iraw)
deliberate burials severely injured persons survived |
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Middle Paleolithic
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Neandertal associated - Middle Paleolithic
Stone industry called "mousterian" industry |
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Mousterian technology
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many flake toold
bone, ivory, antler tools very rare |
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Subsistence (hunting)
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Successful hunters
close proximity spears no long distance weapons dangerous- many injuries Numerous fractures and head and neck injuries |
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Art
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Neandertal art work not common
small personal items |
