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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Viruses are classified based on what?
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Genome structure and viral envelope
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Genomes may be arranged in _ or _ form
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linear or circular
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Retroviruses, such as HIV carry what type of genome?
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Diploid genome
2 identical copies of its genome |
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The DNA viruses are usually double stranded with the exception of _
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parvoviruses
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RNA viruses are usually single stranded with the exception of _
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reoviruses
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The Coding Strand (+) is always read in the _' to _' direction.
The non coding strand (-) is always read in the _' to _' direction. |
5' to 3'
3' to 5' |
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An _ virus is a virus cultured from an individual that is unique and distinct in sequence from other related viruses
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isolate
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A _ is a virus or group of viruses that are distinguished based on the ability of an antibody to recognize a component(s) of the external virion
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Serotype
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Reoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
dsRNA
Naked Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever virus, reovirus |
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dsRNA genome
10-12 segments No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Rotavirus Colorado tick fever virus |
Reoviridae
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Caliciviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+) ssRNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Norwalk agent/Noroviruses Hepatitis E virus |
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(+) ssRNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Norwalk agent/Noroviruses |
Calicividae
*also includes Hepatitis E |
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Picornaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+) ssRNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Poliovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus Enterovirus Echovirus Hepatitis A |
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(+) ssRNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Poliovirus Rhinovirus Coxsackievirus Enterovirus Echovirus Hepatitis A |
Picornaviridae
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Flaviviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Yellow fever virus Hepatitis C Dengue virus Hepatitis G virus |
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(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Yellow fever virus Hepatitis C Dengue virus Hepatitis G virus |
Flaviviridae
(Think flavinoid...from 'flavus', latin meaning yellow...yellow fever virus) |
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Togaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Rubella virus Eastern equine encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis virus |
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(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Rubella virus Eastern equine encephalitis virus Western equine encephalitis virus |
Togaviridae
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Retroviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+) ssRNA genome, diploid
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: HIV-I, HIV-II HTLV-I, HTLV-II |
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(+) ssRNA genome, diploid
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: HIV-I, HIV-II HTLV-I, HTLV-II |
Retroviridae
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Coronaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
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(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: SARS coronavirus Human coronavirus |
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(+) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: SARS |
Coronaviridae
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Rhabdoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
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(-) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Rabies virus Vesicular stomatitis virus |
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(-) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Vesicular stomatitis virus |
Rhabdoviridae
*also causes Rabies virus |
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Bunyaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(-) ssRNA genome
3 circular (?) segments Enveloped Human relevant viruses: (most zoonotic) Hantavirus California encephalitis virus Sandfly fever virus |
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(-) ssRNA genome
3 circular (?) segments Enveloped |
Bunyaviridae
*Human relevant viruses: (most zoonotic) Hantavirus California encephalitis virus Sandfly fever virus |
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Orthomyxoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(-) ssRNA genome
8 segments Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Influenza A, B, and C viruses |
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(-) ssRNA genome
8 segments Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Influenza A, B, and C viruses |
Orthomyxoviridae
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Paramyxoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
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(-) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Parainfluenza virus Respiratory syncytial virus Newcastle disease virus Mumps virus Rubeola (measles) virus |
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(-) ssRNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Respiratory syncytial virus Newcastle disease virus Mumps virus Rubeola (measles) virus |
Paramyxoviridae
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Arenaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(-) ssRNA genome
2 segments Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Lassa fever virus South American hemorrhagic fever virus |
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(-) ssRNA genome
2 segments Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus South American hemorrhagic fever virus |
Arenaviridae
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Parvoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
(+ or -) ssDNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Parvovirus B19 (anemia) |
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(+ or -) ssDNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant virus can cause anemia |
Parvoviridae
(Parvovirus B19) |
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Papovaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
dsDNA genome
circular No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Human papillomavirus JC virus BK virus |
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dsDNA genome
circular No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: JC virus BK virus |
Papovaviridae
*Also responsible for HPV |
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Adenoviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
dsDNA genome
No envelope (Naked) Human relevant viruses: Human adenoviruses |
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dsDNA genome
No envelope (Naked) |
Adenoviridae
or Papoviridae |
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Hepadnaviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
dsDNA genome
Gapped circle Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Hepatitis B virus |
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dsDNA genome
Gapped circle Enveloped |
Hepadnaviridae
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Herpesviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
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dsDNA genome
Enveloped |
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dsDNA genome
Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Epstein-Barr virus (mono) Cytomegalovirus |
Herpesviridae
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Poxviridae has a (ds/ss) (RNA/DNA) genome and is (naked/enveloped).
What are some examples? |
dsDNA genome
Dual Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Variola virus (smallpox) Orf virus Molluscum contagiosum virus |
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dsDNA genome
Dual Enveloped Human relevant viruses: Variola virus Orf virus Molluscum contagiosum virus |
Poxviridae
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The host range depends on what factors?
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Specific species within which the virus can cause disease
Specific cell types within which the virus can replicate |
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Echovirus 3 uses _ for attachment
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CD55
CD55 is expressed in any cell or tissue that comes into contact with serum complement proteins |
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Rabiesvirus uses _ for attachment
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Nicotinic acetocholine receptor
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Piercing cell membranes and depositing the genome into the cytosol is a mechanism common to ___
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bacteriophages
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Escape from the endosome typically involves lysis that is triggered by the _ as the endosome prepares to fuse with the lysosome.
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pH change
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Most cellular mRNA synthesis is performed by _
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RNA Polymerase II
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RNA Polymerase I, II, and III are all _ dependent
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DNA
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Coding strand RNA viruses can directly use the hosts ribsosomes to synthesize an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (T/F)
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True
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Noncoding strand RNA viruses can directly use the hosts ribsosomes to synthesize an RNA polymerase (T/F)
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False,
These viruses must carry the RNA dependent RNA polymerase in the virion. |
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DNA Viruses typically follow the same rules and mechanisms for synthesizing mRNA (T/F)
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True
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Of “RNA” viruses, only _ genes have introns and/or alternate splicing
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retrovirus
*Most DNA virus genes have introns |
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Most DNA viruses use the _ as the site of replication and transcription
What is the exception? |
nucleus
Pox Viruses |
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Most RNA viruses use the _ as the site of replication and transcription
What is the exception? |
cytoplasm
Orthomyxoviruses and Retroviruses |
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When is the cellular DNA polymerase expressed?
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S phase
*The viruses that use cellular DNA polymerase have mechanisms to force the cell into its cell cycle, therefore expressing the DNA polymerase |
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Most anti-viral therapy against DNA viruses targets their _
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DNA polymerase.
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_inhibits 3 steps in the Hepatitis B life cycle, including the reverse transcriptase.
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Entecavir
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Antiviral agents for Influenza A are directed at what stage of the Viral Life cycle?
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Viral Uncoating
Examples include amanatadine and rimantadine |
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Antiviral agents affecting the nucleic acid synthesis are primarily effective against what viruses?
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herpesvirus and HIV
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What are the three different types of antiviral agents that affect nucleic acid synthesis?
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nucleoside analogs
non nucleoside polymerase inhibitors non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
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Antiviral agents affecting the assembly and release of viral particles are primarily effective against what viruses?
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HIV, Influenza
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What are two different types of antiviral agents that affect the assembly and release of viral particles?
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Protease Inhibitors,
Neuraminidase inhibitors |
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Infection of a single cell by two different strains of a virus with a segmented genome may lead to packaging of a virion with genome segments from each of the strains .. this describes __
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Reassortment
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What are three reasons a virus would shut down the host protein synthesis?
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More protein synthesis machinery available for production of viral proteins
Blocks cell presentation of viral proteins to immune system Blocks production of anti-viral proteins |
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Alpha interferons are found in _, what is their mechanism of action?
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Leukocytes
Inhibit protein synthesis |
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Beta interferons are found in _, what is their mechanism of action?
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Fibroblasts or epithelial cells
inhibits protein synthesis |
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Gamma interferons are found in _, what is their mechanism of action?
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T cells or NK cells
Immune modulation |
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The intestinal tract is populated by a _ immune system. It secretes _
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semi-independent immune system (GALT)
Ig A |
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The initial entry of virus into the blood stream is termed _
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Primary Viremia
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What are the different types of disease processes a virus can work by? (6)
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Direct damage to tissues/organs by CPE
Damage to respiratory epithelium Damage to intestinal epithelium Predisposition to bacterial superinfections Autoimmunity Immune suppression |
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What is Direct viral CPE?
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Loss of cells that cannot be replaced, such as neurons
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_ in viral proteins happen to be similar or identical to those in cellular proteins, leading to an immune response against self.
This is dependent upon _ |
Peptide sequences
host MHC subtypes |
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What are two ways viruses can cause immune suppression?
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Infection and killing of immune cells (as in HIV)
Secretion of immune modifying products (Pox and Herpes secreting cytokines to skew an immune response) |
