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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Some traditional design principles
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eliminate unnecessary elements, simplify, natural solutions are better, combine compatible elements, smooth sequences, focus on frequent activities
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who started the concept of time study (scientific study of work)
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frederick taylor
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who started motion study and designed the technique for visually organizing/structuring a problem?
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frank and lillian gilbreth
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"what is the best way to do this job" is an example of what?
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scientific study of work (time study)
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"what are the most efficient movements for this task" is an example of what?
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motion study
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what is motion study?
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breaks each task or job into separate motions and then eliminates those that were unnecessary or repetitive
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what is task analysis?
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range of techniques used to describe and/or evaluate the human-machine and human-machine interactions in a system.
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work sampling is also sometimes referred to as what?
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activity sampling
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True or false: sampling methods typically require more time to get data with statistical significance than continuous observation
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true
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the optimal number of observations depends on:
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desired absolute accuracy (L)
proportion of occurrence (p) confidence level desired (z) relative accuracy (s) = L/p |
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difference between relative and absolute accuracy?
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relative is a percentage of the proportion (s) and absolute is a measurement of the proportion (L)
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Why is the difference between relative and absolute accuracy important?
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when designing different objects, it's unlikely you can use the same absolute accuracy for dramatically different product
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What is confidence (z)?
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it expresses the long-run probability that the sample mean is within the accuracy limits
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true or false: behavior may change because it is being observed and won't ever wear off over time.
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false: may wear off over time
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what is periodicity?
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behavior may occur regularly and happen to take place (or not take place) in synch with observations
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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People that know they're being watched change their behavior.
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when should you especially use randomization with restrictions?
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with small sample sizes (<30)
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true or false: periodic sampling should only be used with very large numbers of observations (1000+)
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true
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advantages of using sampling to produce standard times
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less costly, more flexible, includes daily and weekly variations, not affected by interruptions, lower training requirements, no stop watches/equipment, preferred by most operators, usually doesn't require performance rating, often highlights causes of problems.
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normal time = ?
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(total time worked*fraction time active*performance rating)/total number of pieces produced
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what is a work measurement study?
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the systematic application of industrial engineering techniques to establish the work content and time it should take to complete a task or series of tasks.
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z for 95%
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two tailed: 1.96
one tailed: 1.645 |
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what three things does work measurement help uncover?
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non-value added areas of work space, inconsistency, and non-standardization
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which of the four work measurement techniques don't need to consider allowances?
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work sampling
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who came up with "a fair day's work for a fair day's pay"?
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Frederick Taylor
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what is a rating?
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the pace of a motivated worker with sufficient skill and physical ability to do the job, working at a suitable pace that can be maintained through the shift and day after day
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Difference between observed time, normal time and standard time
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Observed time is the elapsed stopwatch time, calculate normal time element by element, apply allowances for standard time
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personal allowance (__%)
fatigue allowance (__%) delay allowance (__%) |
5,4,3
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NT = OT*R/100
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ST = NT*(1.12)
(1+.12(work allowance)) |
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Who developed MOST?
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Kjell Zandin
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General Move
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ABG ABP A
Get Put Return |
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A, B, G, P
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Action distance, body motion, gain control, placement
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Controlled move
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ABG MXI A
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M, X, I
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move controlled, process time, alignment
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Tool Use
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ABG ABP * ABP A
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General workspace design principles
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consider: functional requirements, visibility and hearing, clearances, reach and manipulation, various work postures, minimize safety hazards, fixed locations for work components, population stereotypes, psychosocial factors, specify environmental factors, total system, design for maintainability
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3 types of workplaces
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sit, stand, sit/stand
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what is a work-space envelope?
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three dimensional space within which a human works
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work space envelope is dependent on:
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type of manual activity, apparel, sitting or standing
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normal area:
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are that can be reached by the sweep of the forearm
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maximum area:
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area that can be reached by extending arm from the shoulder
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squires area:
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dynamic interaction of the forearms and elbow
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4 principles of arranging components:
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importance, frequency of use, functional, sequence of use
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importance principle:
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important components should be placed in convenient locations
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frequency of use principle:
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frequently used components should be placed in convenient locations
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functional principle:
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components should be grouped according to their function such as the grouping of displays, controls, or machines that are functionally related in the operation of the system
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sequence of use principle:
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in the use of certain items, sequences or patterns of relationships frequently occur in the operation of equipment or in performing some service or task
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types of data used in arranging components:
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basic human data, task analysis data, environmental data
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true or false: power tools, properly sized and used, are still subject to fatigue
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false.
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advantages of tools:
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extend force and strength capability, save strain on muscle, reduce gender/age/disability elimination
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Important grip qualities:
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compressible, nonconductive, comfortable, smooth, no hand marks left over
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How to avoid Carpal tunnel/tennis elbow ect.
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Maintain straight (neutral) wrist
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Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
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involves damage to nerves and smooth muscles of the blood vessels in the hand, reduction in blood flow to fingers, turn white, numbness, decreased sensitivity/dexterity
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How to prevent HAVS
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select tools with lowest level of vibration, properly maintain tools, use damping gloves, minimize grip force to control tool.
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How to avoid Carpal tunnel/tennis elbow ect.
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Maintain straight (neutral) wrist
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Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
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involves damage to nerves and smooth muscles of the blood vessels in the hand, reduction in blood flow to fingers, turn white, numbness, decreased sensitivity/dexterity
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How to prevent HAVS
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select tools with lowest level of vibration, properly maintain tools, use damping gloves, minimize grip force to control tool.
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