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What frequency range do VOR's operate?
108.0 to 117.95 VHF
What are the normal useable distances of VOR's
Terminal = 1000 to 12000 AGL …25 nm
Low Altitude = 1000 to 18000 AGL …40 nm
High Altitude = 1000 to 14500 AGL …40 nm
What is the meaning of a single coded identification received once every 30 seconds from a VOR?
The DME component is operative; the VOR component is inoperative if no identifier is heard, its off the air.
Will all VOR's have DME?
No
When IFR planning airways you should list VORs no further apart than?
Below 18000 MSL not more than 80 NM apart
14, 500 to 17,999 MSL not more than 200 msl apart
When a radio beacon with an ILS marker beacon, what's it called?
compass locator
What are limitations to NDB navigation
Lightning, precip static.
When conducting approaches using NDB what's the procedure?
Since there are no flags, continuously monitor NDB coded identification
What is an HSI?
Combines a vertical heading indicator and a VOR/ILS indicator
What is a RMI?
Radio Magnetic Indicator…a compass card and a bearing indicator.
What is DME?
Distance Measuring Equipment, distance info is slant range, not horizontal.
What is RNAV
Area Navigation, provides ground speed, route, distance, time, bearing, crosstrack to a waypoint.
Includes VOR/DME and GPS
Brief description of GPS
Global Positioning System…the receiver tracks multiple satellites and determines the user location.
Three functional elements of a GPS?
24 satellites in 6 orbital planes, four in each plane 11,000 miles above the earth.
Five ground monitoring stations
Aircraft processors provide velocity and precise timing to the user.
Is an alternate means of navigation required if using GPS under IFR?
Yes, must have an alternate means of navigation for the flight…except equipped with WAAS…no additional equip is necessary