- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
The principal organ of the body involved in water balance
|
Kidney
|
|
|
If the output of water from the body exceeds the water intake, the body is said to be in a _______________
|
Negative water balance
Note: This imbalance leads to dehydration of the body |
|
|
This occurs when the intake of water exceeds the output
|
Positive water balance
|
|
|
Functional units of the kidney
|
Nephrons
|
|
|
A disease characterized by the formation & excretion of increased amounts of urine
|
Diuresis
|
|
|
Is a drug that increases the flow of urine
|
Diuretics
Note: If sodium & fluids are retained in excessive amounts in extremities, there is edema Fluid accumulation in the lungs result in pulmonary edema |
|
|
Classes of diuretics
|
Thiazide (Benzothiadiazine) diuretics
Steroid antagonists & other misc. diuretics |
|
|
Examples of thiazide (benzothiadiazine) diuretics
|
thiazide
chlorothiazide (Diuril) hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) polythiazide (Renese, Minizide) |
|
|
A diuretic drug that inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase & promote the excretion of sodium, potassium, chloride, & bicarbonate along with the necessary excretion of water
|
thiazide diuretics
Note: Have an additional effect as an antihypertensive drug Potassium supplements or food rich in potassium must be added to the diet. Warning: Are generally contraindicated in pregnant women Should be used with caution in patients known to have gout, liver, or kidney disorders |
|
|
Side effects of thiazide diuretics
|
Hypokalemia
Hypochloremic alkalosis Hypotension Tachycardia Aplastic anemia Jaundice Hyperuricemia Glycosuria Muscle cramps Weakness |
|
|
A thiazide diuretic that is used in heart failure, during pregnancy, & in premenstrual fluid retention, or as an adjunct in the treatment of HTN
|
chlorothiazide (Diuril)
Route(s): Oral |
|
|
A thiazide diuretic that provides effect comparable to those of chlorothiazide when doses are greatly decreased
|
hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL)
Route(s): Oral |
|
|
Diuretics that inhibit aldosterone, an adrenal hormone that promotes the retention of sodium & excretion of potassium
|
Steroid antagonists
|
|
|
Examples of steroid antagonist
|
spironolactone (Aldactone)
hydrochlorothiazide plus spironolactone (Aldacthiazide) |
|
|
A steriod antagonist diuretic that is useful in tx of edema associated with CHF, hepatic cirrhosis with ascites & nephritis
|
spironolactone (Aldactone)
Route(s): Oral |
|
|
Side effects of spironolactone (Aldactone)
|
Mild headache
Confusion Dermatitis Drowsiness Ataxia Mild abdominal pain |
|
|
Examples of misc. diuretics
|
triamterene (Dyrenium)
triamterene plus hydrochlorothiazide (Dyazide), (Oral) furosemide (Lasix) ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) metolazone (Zaroxolyn, Mykrox) amiloride hcl (Midamor) |
|
|
Side effects of triamterene
|
Nausea
Vomiting Headache Weakness |
|
|
Is a diuretic that has been shown to act throughout the collecting tubules of the nephron, particulary on the ascending limb of the loop of henle
|
furosemide (Lasix)
Route(s): Oral, IM, IV Note: It may be used in CHF associated with liver or kidney disease |
|
|
Side effects of furosemide (Lasix)
|
Electrolyte depletion
Dizziness Weakness Jaundice Leg cramps Vomiting Confusion |
|
|
Side effects of metolazone (Zaroxolyn, Mykrox)
|
Nausea
Vomiting Headache Weakness Hyperuricemia Gout Fluid depletion |
|
|
A potassium sparing diuretic drug
|
amiloride hcl (Midamor)
Route(s): Oral Note: It does not cause potassium depletion when used as diuretic |
|
|
Side effects of amiloride hcl (Midamor)
|
Nausea
Flatulence Mild rash |
|
|
Examples of urinary antiseptic drug
|
nitrofurantoin (Furadantin)
methanamine mandelate (Mandelamine) Urised phenazopyridine hcl (Pyridium) co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; TMP/SMX (Bactrim, Septra) |
|
|
This antiseptic synthetic drug has a spectrum of activity that encompasses the majority of UTI infective agents
|
nitrofurantoin (Furadantin)
Route(s): Oral Note: After oral administration, 45% of the dose is excreted in the urine |
|
|
Side effects of nitrofurantoin (Furadantin)
|
Nausea
Vomiting Sensitivity reactions |
|
|
A urinary antiseptic drug that is useful for chronic, resistant, or recurrent UTI infections
|
methanamine mandelate (Mandelamine)
Route(s): Oral |
|
|
A commercially prepared antiseptic drug that is relatively effective in treating mild urinary infections
|
methanamine and methylene blue
Note: Patients should be warned that the methylene blue tab will turn urine blue Warning: It is contraindicated in myasthenia gravis & glaucoma |
|
|
Side effects of commercially prepared methenamine & methylene blue drug
|
Dryness of mouth
Dizziness Rapid pulse Blurred vision |
|
|
This antiseptic drug acts promptly (usually in 30 mins.) to produce an analgesic effect on the Urinary tract mucosa.
|
phenazopyridine hcl (Pyridium)
Route(s): Oral Note: Patient should be informed that the urine will turn a reddish color |
|
|
Signs & symptoms of UTI
|
Pain
Burning Urgency Frequency |
|
|
This antiseptic drug is very effective against chronic UTI, primarily pyelonephritis, pyelitis, & cystitis
|
co-trimoxazole (trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole; TMP/SMX) (Bactrim, Septra)
|
|
|
Signs & Symptoms of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprin-sulfamethoxazole; TMP/SMX) (Bactrim, Septra)
|
Sore throat
Fever Pallor Purpura Jaundice Note: Adequate fluid intake should be maintained during therapy to prevent the formation of Renal calculi. Contraindicated in Pregnant women |
|
|
Is the involuntary discharge of urine & generally occurs at night, often referred to as "nighttime bedwetting"
|
Enuresis
Note: Is a fairly common problem in children |
|
|
Examples of drugs used for the treatment of enuresis
|
imipramine hcl(Tofranil)
oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) |
|
|
This agent which acts an antidepressant, may improve the symptoms of enuresis in children
|
imipramine hcl(Tofranil)
Route(s): Oral |
|
|
This agent has a direct anitspasmodic effect on the smooth muscles & relaxes bladder smooth muscle in patients with involuntary bladder symptoms
|
oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan)
Route(s): Oral Note: It may be used for day & night wetting. |
|
|
Side effects of oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan)
|
Drowsiness
Decreased tearing Dry mouth Constipation Palpitations |
|
|
This is an antidiuretic agent that affects renal water conservation. It is an analog of vasopressin (ADH) that is used as a spray
|
desmopressin acetate (DDVAP Nasal Spray)
|
|
|
Side effects of desmopressin acetate (DDVAP Nasal Spray)
|
Headache
↑ blood pressure Nosebleed Sore throat |
|
|
The inability to control the discharge of excretions, either urine or feces
|
Incontinence
|
|
|
Factors that increase the risk of incontinence
|
Nocturia, or excessive urination during the night
Decline in bladder capacity Decrease in urethral pressure Increase in postvoiding Loss of elasticity or stiffening of the bladder Benign prostatic hypertrophy Decrease pelvic muscle tone after childbirth |
|
|
Examples of drugs used for the treatment of incontinence
|
oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan XL)
tolterodine tartate (Detrol, Detrol LA) |
|
|
This agent exerts a direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle, relaxing the bladder smooth muscle
|
oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan XL)
Route(s): Oral |
Drug used to treat incontinence |
|
Side effects of oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan XL)
|
Dry mouth
Dry eyes Somnolence Constipation |
|
|
This agent increases bladder capacity & decreases urge urninary incontinence
|
tolterodine tartrate (Detrol, Detrol LA)
Route(s): Oral Side effects: Same as for oxybutynin |
Drug for treatment of incontinence |
|
Is an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men 55 years of age or older
|
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or hyperplasia
|
|
|
Signs & Symptoms of BPH
|
Weakened urinary stream
Difficulty in initiation of urination urinary frequency & urgency |
|
|
Examples of drugs used for the treatment of BPH
|
finasteride (Proscar)
tamsulosin hcl (Flomax) |
|
|
The drug that is used to reduce prostate size & the associated symptoms of urinary obstruction
|
finasteride (Proscar)
Route(s): Oral |
For the treatment of BPH |
|
Side effects of finasteride (Proscar)
|
Impotence
↓ volume of ejaculate Abdominal pain Diarrhea Flatulence |
|
|
This agent is used to relieve mild to moderate obstructive manifestations of prostatic hypertrophy
|
tamsulosin hcl (Flomax)
|
|
|
Side effects of tamsulosin hcl (Flomax)
|
Rash
Urticaria Angioedema of the tongue, lips, & face |
|
|
Examples of drugs used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction
|
sildenafil citrate (Viagra)
vardenafil HCl (Levitra) tadalafil (Cialis) |
|
|
An oral agent that is effective in the temporary treatment of erectile dysfunction. It acts as vasodilator & ↑ the tumescence & duration of the penile erection
|
sildenafil citrate (Viagra)
Note: Before this agent is used, it is important to obtain a careful medical history It potentiates the vasodilating effects of nitrites, producing potentially life-threatening hypotension |
|
|
This agent is also prolongs the duration of penile erections. Many drugs are incompatible with this agent.
|
vardenafil HCl (Levitra)
Note: This should be avoided in patients with unstable angina, hypotension, recent history of stroke, arrythmia, or MI |
|
|
This agent has an advantage over sildenafil citrate (Viagra) & vardenafil HCl (Levitra) because the duration of action is up to 36 hours
|
tadalafil (Cialis)
Route(s): Oral Note: Priapism may occur |
