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What do B Cells produce?
Antibodies (Ig)
During which stage of development is the heavy chain created?
Pro-B Cell stage
During which stage of development is the light chain created?
Pre-B Cell stage
What are the two types of tolerance mechanisms for B Cells?
1. Central Tolerance: immature B cells that encounter self antigens in the bone marrow die by apoptosis

2. Peripheral tolerance: B cells that encounter self antigens in the peripheral tissues become anergenic or die via apoptosis
What are 3 processes that occur in the lymph nodes (periphery)?
1. B cell activation

2. Isotype Switching

3. Somatic mutation
What two signals are required for B Cell activation?
1. Ig crosslinking with foreign antigen - initiates signal cascade w/ in the B cell

2. T cell 'help'
How does a B cell activate a T Cell?
1. Endocytoses full antigen

2. Cleaves antigen into peptides

3. Presents peptices to TCR via MHC II molecule

4. Uses B7 molecule to stimulate CD28 receptor on T Cell
How does a T cell activate a B Cell?
1. T Cell produces CD40L which binds to CD40 on B cell

2. T Cell produces IL-2 which stimulates B cell
What is a centroblast?
Rapidly proliferating B cell in "dark zone" germinal center of lymphnode follicle
What is a centrocyte?
Mature B cells that after they have become activated (from centroblasts) migrate into "light zone" where they make contact with antigen expressing dendritic cells
What is the general structure of an antibody?
- 2 identical Heavy Chains and 2 Identical Light Chains

- A variable region at the tip and a constant region at the base
What does the Fab region of an Antibody correspond to?
- Variable region which binds the antigen

- Fab = Fragment antigen binding
What does the Fc region of an Antibody correspond to?
The constant region
What is a CDR?
Complement Determining Region - region on antibody that make the most contacts with antigen
What is the difference between antibody affinity and avidity?
Affinity: How strong an antibody binds to its antigen

Avidity: The sum total of antigen binding at all of the antigen binding sites
What is valency?
How many antigens an antibody complex can bind
Which antibody type contains 10 antigen binding sites with high avidity?
IgM
When are large Antigen-antibody complexes formed?
- At the zone of equivalence.

- Complexes can cause clinical problems because they lodge in joints and kidneys
What is affinity maturation?
- Process by which somatic mutations in the V region lead to changes in fine specificty for antigen

- Produce antibodies with even greater affinity for antigen
What is isotype switching?
Changing the constant region of the antibody to produce different types.

Ex: IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA