Immunology - Cytokines

- Main growth factor for T cells
- Enhances/activates NK cell toxicity
- Secreted by Th0 cells and Th1 cells
- Plays role in pCTL to CTL differentiation
- Inhibitory for Th17 cells

Source: activated T-Cells

- Increases expression of class II MHCs
- need for both myeloid & lymphoid progenitor

-Required to isotype switch to IgE
- Down regulation of Th1 cytokines
- Down regulation of iNOS (not as effective as TGFb)
- Shifts th0 response to Th2 phenotype
- Secreted by Mast cells, Th0, and Th2

- Hematopoesis (differentiation of eosinophils)
- Chemotactic for eosinophils
- Activation for eosinophils
- Recruits eosinophils to tissues: mast cells, IL5, bone marrow, eosinophils(bld strm)
- Source: Mast Cells and Th2

- Stimulus for secretion of C-reactive protein from hepatocytes
- Pro-inflammatory cytokine
- Produced from Macrophages and Th2

- Hematopoesis (bone marrow and thymus)
- Lymphoid progenitor in thymus

Chemotactic for neutrophils
(CXCL8)

Source: Macrophages & Endothelial Cells

Down regulates IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells and macrophages (leads to down reg of Th1 cytokines)
- downregulates iNOS
- Secreted by Th2
- Downregulates iNOS but not as effective as TGF-beta

- Activates NK cells to secrete IFNy so plays direct role in response that require Th1 cytokines. (activated NK cells help Th0 -> Th1)
- secreted by Macrophages and Dendritic cells
(downregulated by IL-10)

- Triggers production of enzymes (2-5 oligoadenylate synthetase) that interfere with replication of some viruses

- Up regulate expression of class I MHC

- inhibition of T cell proliferation

SOURCE: secreted by cells that have been infected with viruses that produce double stranded DNA

- Activates iNOS
- Enhances activation of NADPH oxidase
- Down regulates production of Th2 cytokines
- With IL-2, promotes pCTL to CTL differentiation

-Source: Th0, Th1, NK Cells
Th0 to promote Th1 phenotype
Th1 and NK cells also secrete to promote Th1 phenotype

- Down regulates iNOS - Transforming growth factor beta
- when present with IL-6 = critical for differentiation of Th0 to Th17

Pro-inflammatory
-secreted by Th17

- In presence of TNFβ, plays a role in differentiation of Th0 cells to Th17 cells
- Growth factor (amplification) of Th17 cells

- IL17A is chemotactic for neutrophils
- autoimmune disorder if Th17 cells specific for self antigen
- induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines for wide range of cells (IL-6, Il-8, GM-CSF, G-CSF, metalloproteinases from macrophages and other cell types)

role in hematopoiesis;
role in differentiation of myeloid progenitor to GM-progenitor

Source: Monocytes/ Macrophages
T Cells

role in hematopoiesis;
role in differentiation of GM progenitor to Granulocyte/neutrophil

Source: Monocytes/ Macrophages

role in hematopoiesis;
role in differentiation of GM progenitor to monocyte

Source: Monocytes/ Macrophages

Monocyte chemoattractant protein -- 1
- Chemotactic for monocytes
- attracts monocyte to site of infection
Source: Macrophages and Endothelial Cells

- C-C Chemokine

Chemotactic for eosinophils
- Source: epithelial cells & fibroblasts

-needed for stabilization in Th-17 differentiation
-secreted by activated dendritic cell
and macrophages

Source: Macrophage & Th2

- enhance NADPH oxidase activity
- activate iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)

Source:
IL-2 - Macrophage
TNF - Macrophage, Th2

I) Inflammation

II) Activate macrophage to secrete
- Cytokine - IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF
- Chemokine - IL-8, MCP-1

III) activate endothelial cell
- de novo expression - ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin
- enhanced expression - ICAM-2
- secretion - IL-8, MCP-1

IV) act on HYPOTHALAMUS
- induce fever
- ↓ BP = Shock

IL-4, IL-10, TGFβ

TGFβ = the most effective