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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is immunity?
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resistance to infection
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what types of immunity are there?
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innate and acquired
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what is the overarching theme of immunity?
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animal infected with pathogen, immune system responds appropriately and the animal survives or the immune system does not respond appropriately and the animal dies or has chronic disease
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what is the first form of immunity a pathogen encounters?
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innate
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what is the first defence a pathogen encounters?
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natural barriers
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natural barriers are part of what type of immunity?
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innate
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what kinds of natural barriers are there?
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mechanical, chemical, microbiological
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what parts of the body are protected by natural barriers?
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skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, eyes
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what is consistent about the parts of the body with natural barriers?
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embryologically they were the 'outside' of the body
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what is provided by microbiological natural barriers?
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normal flora
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what is provided by chemical barriers?
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lysozymes, acidity, enzymes, defensins
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what is provided by mechanical barriers?
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epithelial cells joined by tight junctions, flow of fluid, sloughing of skin, air flow
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when a pathogen encounters natural barriers, what happens?
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proteins like interferons and the complement system arrive, inflammation occurs, and other cells are stimulated like natural killer cells and neutrophils and macrophages
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what are interferons?
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antiviral proteins
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what is the complement system?
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primitive immune mechanism
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what occurs the majority of the time a pathogen encounters the innate immune system?
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terminated and organism does not have disease
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how does the immune system recognize a pathogen?
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the pathogen-associated molecular Pattern (PAMPs)
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what does PAMP stand for?
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pathogen-associated molecular Pattern
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what are PAMPs?
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molecules that are expressed or released by a pathogen
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why are PAMPs used by the immune system?
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they are conserved over a range of microorganisms
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molecules conserved over a range of microorganisms and recognized by MPs and PMNs are called?
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PAMPs
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how do MPs and PMNs recognize PAMPs?
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via receptors
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what does MP stand for?
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macrophage
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what does PMN stand for?
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polymorphonuclear leukocyte or neutrophil
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what are some examples of PAMPs?
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LPS, lipoteichoic acids, mannans, bacterial DNA
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what PAMP does gram negative bacteria have?
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LPS
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what PAMP does gram positive bacteria have?
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lipoteichoic acid
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what PAMP does yeast have?
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mannans
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what PAMP does bacteria have?
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unmethylated CpG DNA
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what does PRR stand for?
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pathogen recognition receptors
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what is a PRR?
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a receptor on immune cells that recognizes PAMPs
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what are examples of PRRs?
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TLRs, CD14, Mannan & glucan receptors
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what does TLR stand for?
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Toll-like receptors
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what were TLRs named for?
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the Toll gene, a developmental gene in Drosophila where a mutation results in susceptibility to fungal infections
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what is unique about TLRs in terms for mammals?
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there are highly conserved mammalian homologues
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where are TLRs?
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expressed on MPs, dendritic cells, and other cell and tissue types
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what occurs when TLRs bind to a PAMP?
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production of inflammatory mediators
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what is a TLR an example of?
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pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)
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what types of TLR are there?
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membrane bound for bacteria and intracellular for viruses
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what is CD14 an example of?
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pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)
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what does CD stand for in CD14?
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cluster determinant
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what does CD14 do?
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is a co-receptor for TLR4 and binds bacterial LPS
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where are CD14s found?
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macrophages
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what are mannan and glucan receptors an example of?
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pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)
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what do mannan and glucan receptors do?
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bind microbial carbohydrates
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what PRR binds microbial carbohydrates?
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mannan and glucan receptors
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what PRR binds bacterial LPS?
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CD14
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what PRR is a co receptor with TLR4?
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CD14
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what is innate resistance important for?
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host survival as shown by defects in the system leading to overwhelming infection
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what does the innate system do in relation to the acquired system?
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allows time for acquired system to get started and triggers the acquired immune response via cytokines
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Does the innate immune system provide 100% protection?
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No!
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what are the components of the acquired immune response?
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humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
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what type of pathogens are most bacteria?
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extracellular pathogens
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what type of pathogens are viruses, protozoa, and fungi?
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intracellular pathogens
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what is classified as extracellular pathogens?
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bacteria
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what is classified as intracellular pathogens?
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viruses, protozoa, and fungi
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what type of pathogen does cell mediated immunity address?
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intracellular pathogens
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what type of pathogen does humoral immunity address?
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extracellular pathogens
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which type of acquired immune response handles extracellular pathogens?
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humoral immunity
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which type of acquired immune response handles intracellular pathogens?
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cell mediated immunity
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what cell is part of humoral immunity?
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B cells
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what cell is part of cell mediated immunity?
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T cells
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what type of acquired immune response are B cells part of?
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humoral immunity
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what type of acquired immune response are T cells part of?
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cell mediated immunity
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what else are B cells known as?
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lymphocytes
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what else are lymphocytes known as?
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B cells & T cells
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what else are T cells known as?
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lymphocytes
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what do B cells produce?
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antibodies
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what produces antibodies?
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B cells
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What do T cells differentiate into?
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T Helper (CD4+) cells & cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
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where do T Helper cells come from?
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T cells
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where do cytotoxic T cells come from?
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T cells
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what else are T Helper cells known as?
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CD4+
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what else are cytotoxic T cells known as?
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CD8+
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what else are CD4+ cells known as?
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T Helper cells
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what else are CD8+ cells known as?
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cytotoxic T cells
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what do T Helper cells produce?
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cytokines
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where do cytokines come from?
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T Helper cells
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what do cytokines do?
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stimulate B Cells and cytotoxic T cells
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what stimulates B cells and cytotoxic T cells?
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cytokines
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what do cytotoxic T cells do?
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kill the cell pathogen is in
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what kills the cells that pathogen are in?
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cytotoxic T cells
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what are the characteristics of the acquired immune response?
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recognizes self vs nonself, has T cells, has B cells, specificity, amplification, memory
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why is it important that the acquired immune response recognizes self vs nonself?
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self tolerance
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what happens to self-reacting cells?
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they are signaled to die
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how is self tolerance developed?
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self reacting cells are signaled to die
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where do T cells develop self tolerance?
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in the thymus
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where do B cells develop self tolerance?
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in the bone marrow
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what cells mature in the bone marrow?
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B cells
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what cells mature in the thymus?
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T cells
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what does specifity mean?
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anti-proteins will only recognize the protein they are designed for
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what is the exception of specificity?
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cross-reactivity
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what is cross-reactivity the exception to?
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specificity
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what is cross-reactivity?
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some proteins are similar enough to be recognized by one cell/Ab
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what is the term for when some proteins are similar enough to be recognized by one cell/Ab?
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cross-reactivity
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what is an example of cross-reactivity?
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bovine albumin and sheep albumin
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how does amplification occur?
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clonal selection and clonal expansion
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why is amplification important?
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it allows a high level specific response without overwhelming the body with unnecessary numbers of white cells.
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what is memory?
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an increase in antibody response to the second exposure of a pathogen
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how do we use memory in modern day medicine?
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vaccines
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what do vaccines rely on to work?
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memory
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in terms of effector cells, how do innate and acquired immunity differ?
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innate immunity includes macrophages, PMNs, and NK cells while acquired immunity includes T and B lymphocytes
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in terms of onset, how do innate and acquired immunity differ?
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innate immunity is rapid (hours) while acquired immunity is slow
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in terms of receptor specificity, how do innate and acquired immunity differ?
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innate immunity has a limited number with broad recognition and aquired immunity in numerous and highly specific
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in terms of activity, how do innate and acquired immunity differ?
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innate immunity is constant during response while acquired immunity improves during response
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in terms of memory, how do innate and acquired immunity differ?
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innate immunity doesn't have memory while acquired immunity does
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what type of immunity has memory?
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acquired
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what type of immunity has constant activity during a response?
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innate
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what type of immunity has increasing activity during a response?
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acquired
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what type of immunity has a limited receptor specificity and broad recognition?
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innate
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what type of immunity has a numerous receptor specificity and highly specific recognition?
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acquired
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what type of immunity has rapid onset?
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innate
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what type of immunity responds in hours?
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innate
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what type of immunity has slow onset?
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acquired
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what type of immunity responds in days?
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acquired
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what type of immunity uses macrophages, PMNs, and NK cells?
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innate
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what type of immunity uses T & B lymphocytes?
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acquired
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what does Ag stand for?
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antigen
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what is an antigen?
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any substance that can induce an immune response
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what is the term for any substance that can induce an immune response?
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antigen
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what is antigenicity?
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ability to combine with the products of an immune response
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what is the term for the ability to combine with the products of an immune response?
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antigenicity
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what does APC stand for?
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antigen presenting cells
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what are antigen presenting cells?
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cells that process and present molecules as antigens
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what are cells that process and present molecules as antigens?
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APC
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what does an antigen with low antigenicity cause?
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fewer cells respond and APC's do not present it as well
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what is immunogenicity?
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ability to induce an acquired immune response
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what is the term for the ability to induce an acquired immune response?
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immunogenicity
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what factors influence the immunogenicity of proteins?
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similarity to self, size, dose, route, composition, form, adjuvant, interaction with host MHC
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immunogenicity is increased by proteins that what?
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have multiple differences to self, large size, intermediate dose, SubQ or IP route, complex composition, particulate or denatured forms, slow release adjuvant, and effective interaction with host MHC
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immunogenicity is decreased by proteins that what?
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have few differences to self, small size (MW<1000), high or low dose, IV or IG route, simple composition, soluble or native form, rapid release adjuvant, and ineffective interaction with host MHC
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what antigens cause strong immune response?
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large, complex proteins and live replicating pathogens
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what antigens do not cause a strong immune response?
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repeating polymers (simple and quickly degraded), large synthetic polymers (simple and inert), and gelatin, bacterial flaggelin, Nucleic acid (unstable)
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what does Ig stand for?
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immunoglobulin
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what is another term for immunoglobulin?
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antibody molecule
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what is another term for antibody molecule?
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immunoglobulin
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what does an antibody consist of?
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2 light chains, 2 heavy chains and variable regions and constant regions
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what are the antibody isotypes?
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IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE
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what is an epitope?
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the part of the antigen that is recognized and resonded to by T or B cells, or to which the Ab is produced and can bind
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B Cells recognize what size of epitope?
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5-7 amino acids
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T Cells recognize what size of epitope?
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13-17 amino acids
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proteins recognize what size of epitopes?
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usually 1 per 5 KD
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how do epitopes cause cross reactivity?
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different proteins will present many epitopes, and if an epitope is present on multiple proteins, those proteins are cross reactive.
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what is Hapten?
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dintrophenol (DNP)
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what does DNP stand for
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dintrophenol (DNP)
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what is unique about Hapten?
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it is too small to stimulate an immune response unless it is on a carrier
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what common substance is too small to stimulate an immune response unless it is on a carrier?
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Hapten
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what are cytokines?
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proteins, most of which are secreted, produced by cells that influence the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors on their target cells?
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what is the term for proteins, most of which are secreted, produced by cells that influence the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors on their target cells?
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cytokines
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what are the cytokine families?
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interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor
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what does IL stand for?
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interleukin
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what are interleukins?
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cytokines IL1-IL33 that are made by lymphocytes, some with unknown functions
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what does IFN stand for?
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interferons
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what are interferons?
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IFN-α (made by leukocytes), IFN-β (made by most cells), IFN-γ (made by lymphocytes and MPs)
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what does TNF stand for?
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tumor necrosis factors
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what are tumor necrosis factors?
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TNFα & TNFβ
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what does TGF stand for?
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transforming growth factors
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what are transforming growth factors?
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TGF-β1 & TGF-β2
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what is adjuvant?
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a substance, when mixed with an antigen, that enhances the immune response
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how does adjuvant function?
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enhances uptake by APC (which enchances T helper cell responses), forming a depot (for slow removal of antigen and prolonged immune response), induce local inflammatory response (by stimulating innate response which in turn stimulates acquired response)
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what adjuvants are available?
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incomplete Freund's, Comple Freund's, Freund's w/MDP, Alum, Alum plus B. pertusis, ISCOMS
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what is the composition of incomplete Freund's?
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oil-in-water emulsion
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what is the composition of complete Freund's?
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oil-in-water emulsion w/ dead mycobacteria
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what is the composition of Freund's w/MDP?
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oil-in-water emulsion w/muramyldipeptide
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what is the composition of alum?
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aluminum hydroxide gel
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what is the composition of alum plus B. pertusis?
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aluminum hydroxide gel w/B. pertusis
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what is the composition of ISCOMs?
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matrix of Quil A w/viral proteins
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what is the mechanism of action of Incomplete Freund's?
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delayed release of Ag, uptake by MP
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what is the mechanism of action of complete Freund's?
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delayed release of Ag, uptake by MP, induction of co-stim in MP
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what is the mechanism of action of Freund's w/MDP?
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delayed release of Ag, uptake by MP, induction of co-stim in MP
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what is the mechanism of action of alum?
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delayed release of Ag, uptake by MP
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what is the mechanism of action of alum plus B. pertusis?
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delayed release of Ag, uptake by MP, induction of co-stim in MP
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what is the mechanism of action of ISCOM's?
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Ag to cytosol; stim production of CTL
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