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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In a solid, what attractive forces ensure molecules remain firmly in place? What can be done to overcome these forces?
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Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds keep molecules in place. Heating a solid increases the strength of vibrations, allowing the molecules to free themselves; consequently, the solid turns into liquid.
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In a liquid, molecules have enough energy to move about in relation to each other; however, they do not have enough energy to escape completely from the attractive forces of their neighbors. What can be done to to further free the molecules? What is the result?
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If more heat is added to a liquid, each molecule eventually has enough energy to break free of the attractive forces. Liquid then becomes a gas.
*Note: Molecules of different chemical compounds have Van der Waals forces of different strengths, the stronger the attractive force, the more heat energy required to break free.* |
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If there were no hydrogen bond water would freeze at about what temperature? Would Boil at?
What would this mean for Earth? |
Freeze at -90 degrees Celsius
Boil at -70 degrees Celsius There would be no liquid water on earth, all of it would be gaseous. |
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Besides the freezing and boiling points, name three other anomalously high properties of water.
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heat capacity, latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization
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Define: sensible heat
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Heat that raises or lowers the temperature of a substance
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Define: heat capacity
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The quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of a specified quantity of a substance.
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Define: latent heat
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Heat added to a substance that does not raise its temperature but instead changes its state--solid to liquid or liquid to gas.
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The high__________of water allows large amounts of heat energy from the sun to be stored in ocean waters without causing much of a temperature change.
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heat capacity
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Why do coastal locations have milder climates than inland locations?
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Because heat is released from the oceans to the atmosphere when atmospheric temperatures fall.
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Water density is controlled by what three factors?
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Pressure, Temperature, and Salinity
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Why is pressure not as significant in dictating water density as the other factors?
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Water is virtually incompressible, its volume decreases and density increases only very slightly with increased pressure. Pressure change causes seawater density to be approximately 2% higher than it is in shallow water at the same temperature and salinity.
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Generally, salinity and pressure are seen as equally significant in determining density. Give two locations and reasons why sometimes one factor is more significant than the other.
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Tropical Region: Temperature changes are more important to density variations in the tropical water column, where salinity variation is relatively small but temperature variation is relatively large.
High-Latitude Region: Salinity is more important here because its variation is predicated by freshwater runoff and the formation and melting of ice. Temperatures are generally uniform and near the freezing point. |
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Process that displaces warmer bottom water with denser cold surface water is known as what? This process is the beginning of what?
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Cold and dense surface water that sinks and displaces bottom water upward to be cooled in its turn is called "convection" or more concretely, "overturning". This is the beginning of freezing.
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Other than mercury, why is the surface tension of water higher than any other known liquid?
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Because of the strong hydrogen bond attraction between water molecules.
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What creates surface tension?
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All water molecules on the surface are pulled toward the interior of the liquid and creates surface tension that pulls the liquid surface into a configuration with the minimum possible surface area.
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