Investments - MBA 825 - Chapter 4

- The level of profit from an investment, or

- The reward for investing

- Income: cash or near-cash that is received as a result of owning an investment

- Capital gains (or losses): the difference between the proceeds from the sale of an investment and its original purchase price

the sum of the income and the capital gain (or loss) earned on an investment over a specified period of time

- Allows comparison of actual or expected gains with the levels of gain needed

- Allows us to “keep score” on how our investments are doing compared to our expectations

- Historical Performance

- Expected Return

- Internal Characteristics
* Type or risk of investment
* Issuer’s management
* Issuer’s financing
- External Forces
* Political environment
* Business environment
* Economic environment
* Inflation
* Deflation

- The sooner you receive a return on a given investment, the better

- A dollar received today is worth more than a dollar received in the future

- The sooner your money can begin earning interest, the faster it will grow

one for which the present value of benefits equals or exceeds the present value of its costs

The rate of return an investor must earn on an investment to be fully compensated for its risk

RR on Investment = Real rate of Return+Expected inflation premium+Risk premium or investment

- Equals the nominal rate of return minus the inflation rate

- Measures the change in purchasing power provided by an investment

The average rate of inflation expected in the future

- The rate of return that can be earned on a risk-free investment

- The most common “risk-free” investment is considered to be the 3-month U.S. Treasury Bill

Risk Free Rate = Real Rate of Return+Expected Inflation Premium

- Additional return an investor requires on a risky investment to compensate for risks based upon issue and issuer characteristics

- Issue characteristics are the type, maturity and features

- Issuer characteristics are industry and company factors

the period of time over which an investor wishes to measure the return on an investment vehicle

current return actually received by an investor during the given return period

return that has been achieved but not yet realized (no sale has taken place)

The total return earned from holding an investment for a specified holding period (usually 1 year or less)

= current income during period + Capital gain (Loss) during period / Beg investment vaule

- Easy to calculate

- Easy to understand

- Considers income and growth

- Does not consider time value of money

- Rate may be inaccurate if time period is longer than one year

determines the compound annual rate of return earned on an investment held for longer than one year

What is the yield (IRR) on an investment costing $1,000 today that you expect will be worth $1,400 at the end of a 5-year holding period?

- Uses the time value of money

- Allows investments of different investment periods to be compared with each other

- If the yield is equal to or greater than the required return, the investment is acceptable

Calculation is complex

is the rate of return earned on interest or other income received from an investment over its investment horizon.

is the rate of return that includes interest earned on interest.

- The compound annual rate of change in the value of a stream of income

- Used to see how quickly a stream of income, such as dividends, is growing

is the relationship between risk and return, in which investments with more risk should provide higher returns, and vice versa

is the chance that the actual return from an investment may differ from what is expected

is the risk caused by the varying exchange rates between the currencies of two countries.

- International stocks or ADRs

- International bonds

U.S. dollar gets “stronger” against foreign currency, reducing value of foreign investment

is the degree of uncertainty associated with an investment’s earnings and the investment’s ability to pay the returns owed to investors.

- Common stocks

- Preferred stocks

- Decline in company profits or market share

- Bad management decisions

is the degree of uncertainty of payment resulting from a firm’s mix of debt and equity; the larger the proportion of debt financing, the greater this risk.

-Common stocks

- Corporate bonds

- Company can’t get additional loans for growth or to fund operations

- Company defaults on bonds

is the chance that changing price levels (inflation or deflation) will adversely affect investment returns.

- Bonds (fixed income)

- Certificates of deposit

Movie that was $8.00 last year is $9.00 this year

is the chance that changes in interest rates will adversely affect a security’s value.

- Bonds (fixed income)

- Preferred stocks

- Market values of existing bonds decrease as market interest rates increase

- Income from an investment is reinvested at a lower interest rate than the original rate

is the risk of not being able to liquidate an investment conveniently and at a reasonable price.

Some small company stocks
Real estate

The price of a house has to be lowered for a quick sale

is the chance that Congress will make unfavorable changes in tax laws, driving down the after-tax returns and market values of certain investments.

- Municipal bonds

- Real estate

- Lower tax rates reduce the tax benefit of municipal bond interest

- Limits on deductions from real estate losses

is the risk of decline in investment returns because of market factors independent of the given investment.

All types of investments

- Stock market decline on bad news

- Political upheaval

- Changes in economic conditions

comes from an unexpected event that has a significant and unusually immediate effect on the underlying value of an investment.

All types of investments

- Decrease in value of insurance company stock after a major hurricane

- Decrease in value of real estate after a major earthquake

- Standard deviation is a statistic used to measure the dispersion (variation) of returns around an asset’s average or expected return

- Coefficient of variation is a statistic used to measure the relative dispersion of an asset’s returns; it is useful in comparing the risk of assets with differing average or expected returns

- Higher values for both indicate higher risk

- Risk-indifferent describes an investor who does not require a change in return as compensation for greater risk

- Risk-averse describes an investor who requires greater return in exchange for greater risk

- Risk-seeking describes an investor who will accept a lower return in exchange for greater risk

- Estimate the expected return using present value methods and historical/projected return rates

- Assess the risk of the investment by looking at historical/projected returns using standard deviation or coefficient of variation of returns

- Evaluate the risk-return of each investment alternative to make sure the return is reasonable given the level of risk

- Select the investment vehicles that offer the highest expected returns associated with the level of risk you are willing to accept