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38 Cards in this Set

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—Headache

—Elevated Blood Pressure

—Renal Bruit
Renovascular Hypertension

—Secondary to Renal Artery Stenosis

—Young Adults: Fibromuscular Displasia

—Older Patients: Atheromatous Plaque
Best Treatment for Renal Artery Stenosis Secondary to Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Percutaneous Angioplasty with Stent Placement
Warfarin Dosing Goal INR:

Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
INR = 2.0—3.0
Warfarin Dosing Goal INR:

Prosthetic Heart Valves
INR = 2.5—3.5
Warfarin Dosing Goal INR:

Atrial Fibrillation
INR = 2.0—3.0
—Large amount of blood on urinalysis

—Relative abscence of RBCs on urine microscopy
Myoglobinuria

—Usually caused by Rhabdomyolysis, which frequently leads to Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
Most Common Side Effects:

Nicotinic Acid
80% of Patients:
—Flushing

20% of Patients:
—Pruritus
—Nausea
—Paresthesias
What is Cholestyramine?
Bile Acid Sequestrant

—prohibits reabsorption of bile acids in the intestine
—common side effects: nausea, bloating
First Line Treatment for Dyslipidemia
Statin
Treatment for low HDL?
Nicotinic Acid
—Uncontrolled Hypertension

—Increase in Ring Size

—Doughy and Sweaty Hands

—Skin Tags

—Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Acromegaly

—Diagnosis is made by measuring Growth Hormone (GH) levels following an oral glucose load.

—Or measuring IGF1.
Diagnosis for Acromegaly
—Diagnosis is made by measuring Growth Hormone (GH) levels following an oral glucose load.
—Following administration of 75g of oral glucose, unable to suppress GH below 1mcg/dL or sometimes paradoxically increase GH levels.
What are bulbar muscles?
The muscles that control the speech, chewing and swallowing.
Myopathy associated with hyper- or hypothyroidism?
Thyroid Myopathy

—Typically causes predominantly proximal muscle myopathy.

—Tremor of Hyperthyroidism is typically an Action Tremor.
Development of CHF in an otherwise young healthy patient.
Myocarditis

—Viral infection, especially with Coxsackie B Virus, is the most common cause.
Sudden, unilateral visual impairment that is usually noted upon waking in the morning.
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

—Diabetics are at increased risk.

—Ophthalmoscopy reveals disc swelling, venous dilation and tortuosity, retinal hemorrhages and cotton wool spots.
Ophthalmoscopy reveals:

—Disc Swelling
—Venous Dilation and Tortuosity
—Retinal Hemorrhages
—Cotton Wool Spots
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

—Diabetics are at increased risk.
—Distorted Vision

—Central Scotoma
Macular Degeneration

—Cigarette smoking increases risk.
Gradual loss of Peripheral Vision, resulting in Tunnel Vision.
Open Angle Glaucoma

—Ophthalmoscopy shows cupping of the optic disc.
RETINAL

—Microaneurysms
—Hemorrhages
—Exudates
—Edema
Diabetic Retinopathy

—Visual impairment occurs with the development of macular edema.

—Argon Laser Photocoagulation for prevention of complications.
Indications for Oxygen Therapy in COPD
—PaO2 < or =55

—SaO2 < or =88%

—Erythrocytosis (Hct >55%)

—Evidence of Cor Pulmonale
—Delayed Puberty

—Mineralocorticoid Excess
17-Hydroxylase Deficiency

—Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
—Androgen Excess

—Mineralocorticoid Excess
11-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficiency

—Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
—DHEAS-S Excess

—Decreased Testosterone

—Decreased Mineralocorticoids
3-Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency

—Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
—Marfan Body Habitus

—Dislocation of the Lenses

—Fair Skin

—Vascular Thrombosis
Cystathionine Synthase Deficiency

(Homocystinuria)
Initial Hematuria

—Blood at the beginning of urination
Typically indicates a lesion of the urethra (Urethritis)
Terminal Hematuria

—Hematuria at the end of voiding
Often suggests a Prostatic or Bladder cause.
Total Hematuria

—Hematuria during the entire urinary cycle
May indicate disease within the Ureters or Kidneys
Painless hematuria with clots
Bladder Cancer

—Evaluate with Cytoscopy
—Abdominal or Flank Pain

—Microscopic or Gross Total Hematuria
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Initial Hematuria
Lesion in the Urethra (Urethritis)
Total Hematuria
Ureters or Kidneys

—Renal cause of hematuria will not show clots
Painless Terminal Hematuria with Clots
Bladder Cancer

—Evaluate by Cystoscopy
Terminal Hematuria
Prostate or Bladder
Leading Heritable Cause of Renal Disease in Adults
Polycystic Kidney Disease

—presents as abdominal or flank pain with microscopic or gross total hematuria
—Microscopic or Gross Total Hematuria

—Abdominal or Flank Pain
Polycystic Kidney Disease
—Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase (anti-TPO)

—Anti-Thyroglobulin
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

—anti-TPO present in >90% of pts
Thyroid-Stimulating Immunoglobulins (TSI)
Grave's Disease
(Hyperthyroidism)

—TSI stimulate TSH receptors on thyroid follicular cells