JWST 158

(1882-1903)
- 35,000 Jews immigrated to Ottoman Empire
- from Russian Empire and some from Yemen
- established agricultural communities

1904-1914
- 40,000 Jews
- from Russia
- following pogroms and outbreaks of anti-Semitism
- influenced socialist ideals
- first kibbutz
- self defense organization
- underpinnings of an independent nation-state arose
- Hebrew was revived

-1919-1923
- 40,000 Jews from Russian Empire
- arrived in the wake of WW1, the British conquest of Palestine, the establishment of the Mandate, the Balfour Declaration
- several immigration quotas
- national institutions arose: elected assembly, national coucil, Histadrut, Haganah

1924-1929
- 82,000 Jews
- result of anti-Semitism in Poland and Hungary
- immigrations quotas of the US kept Jews out
- middle class families moved to the growing towns, establishing small businesses and light industry

1929-1939
- 250,000 Jews with the rise of Nazism in Germany
increasing restrictions on immigration by the British mandate
significant industry was added to the predominantly agricultural economy
tensions between Arab and Jews grew
restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 Jews for five years

1812-1875
socialist, one of the founder of Zionism
Rome and Jerusalem (1861)- calls for the establishment of a Jewish socialist commonwealth in Palestine as only way to respond to anti-Semitism and assert Jewish identity
most German Jews were bent on assimilation at the time and didn't notice his remarks

Zionist pioneer and activities, believed that the Jewish problem could be resolved if the Jews attained equal rights.
Initially favored the assimilation path, but anti-Jewish hostilities in southern Russia made him realize that mere humanism and emancipation could not defeat anti-Semitism.
Autoemancipation (1882)- published anonymously in Germany urging Jews to strive for independence and national consciousness- raised strong responses

1867-1924
founder of Labor Zionism, born in Russian Empire
dedicated himself to synthesizing Hovevai Zion with socialism
first person to propose that emigrants to Palestine form collective settlements
He was quite comfortable with his Jewish heritage and had in mind the biblical emphasis on strict social justice. However, he saw Zionism as a replacement for traditional Judaism

1881-1907
Marxist Zionist, one of the founder of the Zionist movement
explained Jewish nationalism in terms of Marxist class struggle and dialectical materialism
the class structure of European Jews resembled an inverted class pyramid where few Jews occupied the productive layers of society as workers
Believed Jews that migrated to Palestine would form a proletarian basis in order to carry out Marxist class struggle

1882-1948
rejected the notion of chosenness for the Jewish people either religious or secular.
He argued that the only meaningful goal for Zionism was regaining the land of Israel and normalizing the conditions of Jewish existence
He criticized Ahad Ha'am for the notion that morality was the key to Israel's uniqueness. He believed that ethic is universal, not the possession of a particular people. He maintained that the spiritual definition of Judaism denied freedom of though and led to national chauvinism

(1895)
outlines reasons that the Jews should return to the their historic homeland
by Herzl

1902, written for both Jews and non-Jews, novel devoted to Zionism in the form of a romance
serious forecasting of what could be done within one generation
story of the love for Zion, the insistence upon the fact that the changes in life suggested are not utopian, but are to be brought about simply by grouping all the best efforts and ideals of every race and nation
envisioned a Jewish state that combined both a modern Jewish culture with the best of European heritage

1856-1927
founder of Cultural Zionism, secular vision of a Jewish "spritual center"
confront Herzl, the founder of political Zionism
strived for a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews
emphasized that without a Jewish nationalist revival abroad, it would be impossible to mobilize genuine support for a Jewish national home

1858-1922
driving spirit behind the revival of the Hebrew language in the modern era
concluded that the revival of Hebrew language in the Land of Israel could unite all Jews worldwide

"Workers of Zion"- movement of marxist Zionist Jewish workers founded in various cities of Russian Empire after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901
acceptance of the marxist view of history with the addition of the role of nationalism

religious zionism, organization founded in 1903 in Vilnius.
believes that the Torah shuold be at the centre of Zionism and also sees Jewish nationalism as a means of achieving religious objectives
Abraham Isaac Kook was a major figure

Federation of Labor (1902)
Israel's organization of trade unions established in 1920 during the British mandate for Palestine
look out for the interests of all Jewish workers
state-building role made it the owner of a number of businesses and factories and for a time, the largest employer in the country