Kaplan-Circulation Extra

4-6 liters

PLASMA: (55%) liquid part of blood. made of nutrients, salts, gases, wastes, hormones, proteins.

CELLULAR PARTS: ERYTHROCYTES, LEUKOCYTES, PLATELETS

ERYTHROCYTES: has hemoglobin, each binding up to 4 molecules O2

biconcave, dislike. good for gas exchange and movement through small capillaries.

made in STEM CELLS of bone marrow.

circulate in blood for 120 days, then digested in spleen+liver

LEUKOCYTES:

stem cells in marrow of long bones

LARGE compared to erythrocytes.

GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES: non-specific. attack general pathogens (ie bacteria+parasites) via inflammation, pus, destruction of invaders. made of:
-NEUTROPHILES: fight bacterial infection.
-EOSMOPHILES: fight parasites
-BASOPHILES: release histamine to fight allergies.

LYMPHOCYTES: produce ANTIBODIES. made in lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix, thymus, bone marrow. attack specific invaders. important for immune response
-B LYMPHOCYTES
-T LYMPHOCYTES:

MONOCYTES: nonspecific immune response. phagocytize foreign matter. some migrate into tissue to become macrophages.

ANTIGENS: cell-surface proteins. are foreign to host organism, will trigger an immune response.

ABO GROUP: A and B make antibodies against antigens on the other. AB makes no antibodies, so is universal recipient. O has no antigens, so is universal donor.

RH FACTOR: antigen sometimes on surface. esp important in pregnancy.
Rh- woman can be sensitized by Rh+ fetus. THEN, if has second child, she produces anti-Rh antibodies, which may destroy fetal blood cells, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS (anemia)

HUMORAL IMMUNITY: production of antibodies

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY: cells combating fungal and viral infection.

LYMPHOCYTES are responsible for both.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

complex proteins. bind to specific antigens, trigger the immune system to remove them.

either attracts LEUKOCYTES to remove anigen, or cause them to clump together so phagocytic cells can remove them better.

FOUR CHAINS:
-2 HEAVY (long)
-2 LIGHT (short)

held together in a "Y" formation via disulfide linkages (INSERT PIC p167)

VARIABLE REGIONS of the antibody. are at the tips of the Y. where it binds to antigen.

CONSTANT REGIONS: all other parts. help process of antigen destruction. 5 kinds of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE)

B LYMPHOCYTES: made in bone marrow, differentiate in spleen, lymph nodes, etc.

PROLIFERATE when exposed to a specific antigen. differentiate into:

-PLASMA CELLS: release specific antibodies, but takes 7-10 days to make enough antibody.

-MEMORY CELLS: remember antigen, live long time, help with SECONDARY RESPONSE (is immediate in the future)

ACTIVE IMMUNITY: production of antibodies during an immune response. ie vaccine of a weakened antigen.

PASSIVE IMMUNITY: transfer of antibodies produced by another organism. ie pregnancy or injection. BUT, lasts short time, only as long as antibodies circulate in system.

T LYMPHOCYTES: develop in bone marrow, mature in thymus. act against body's own infected cells.

CYTOXIC T CELLS: destroy antigens directly.

HELPER T CELLS: activate other B, T, cells and macrophages via secretion of LYMPHOKINES

SUPPRESSOR T CELLS: regulate other B and T cells.

some become MEMORY cells

ALLERGIES: ie in histamine

ORGAN TRANSPLANT: cytoxic T cells will try to destroy foreign organ

active in AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE: in some cases will try to destroy body's own cells

contains an enzyme that attacks bacteria

injured cells produce histamine, causes blood vessel dilation, increasing blood flow.

granulocytes phagocytize antigenic material.

produce INTERFERONS: diffuse to other cells to prevent virus spread.

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: transports interstitial fluid to cardiovascular system, keeping fluid levels constant

LYMPH CAPILLARIES: collect fats from chylomicrons in small intestine, transport them into blood.

are closed at one end, have valves to prevent backflow.

skeletal muscles and contractions of lymphatic vessels move lymph

filter lymph via phagocytic cells (leukocytes)