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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the antidote:
Acetaminophen |
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
What is the antidote:
Anticholinergics |
Physostigmine
|
|
What is the antidote:
Benzodiazepines |
Flumazenil
|
|
What is the antidote:
Beta Blockers |
Glucagon and calcium
|
|
What is the antidote:
Carbon Monoxide |
Oxygen
|
|
What is the antidote:
Cyanide |
Amyl nitrate
|
|
What is the antidote:
Digoxin |
Anti-digoxin Fab antibodies
|
|
What is the antidote:
Ethylene Glycol |
Ethanol
|
|
What is the antidote:
Heparin |
Protamine
|
|
What is the antidote:
Iron |
Deferoxamine
|
|
What is the antidote:
Isoniazid |
Pyridoxine
|
|
What is the antidote:
Lead |
EDTA or BAL
|
|
What is the antidote:
Methanol |
Ethanol
|
|
What is the antidote:
Opioids |
Naloxone
|
|
What is the antidote:
Warfarin |
Vitamin K
|
|
What is the antidote:
Organophosphates |
Atropine or Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
|
|
Side Effect:
Bone Marrow Toxicity |
Ganciclovir
Zidovudine (AZT) Chloramphenicol Carbamazepine Chemotherapeutic agents Interferon Flucytosine Gargantuan Zebras Can Cause Certain Idiots Fear |
|
Side Effect:
Hepatotoxicity |
Imidazoles
Nevirapine Interferon Statins (HMG-CoA inhibitors Valproic Acid Isoniazid I Never Invite Syphilitic Vaginas Inside |
|
Side Effect:
Nephrotoxicity |
Foscarnet
Aminoglycosides NSAIDs Cidofovir Amphotericin Cyclosporine FAN CAC |
|
Side Effect:
Tendon Rupture |
Quinolones
|
|
Side Effect:
DVT |
Raloxifene
Tamoxifen Estrogens/Progesterones |
|
Side Effect:
Orthostatic Hypotension |
All alpha blockers
Most TCAs |
|
Side Effect:
Hypertensive Crisis |
MAO inhibitors
TCAs Most likely when mixed Malignant hypertension, tachycardia |
|
Side Effect:
Serotonin Syndrome |
MAO inhibitors
SSRIs TCAs Decongestants containing pseudoephedrine SNRIs Most likely when mixed Hyperthermia, tachycardia, facial flushing, severe muscle spasm, rhabdomyolysis |
|
Side Effect:
Cutaneous Flushing |
Niacin
|
|
Side Effect:
Seizure |
Meperidine
|
|
Side Effect:
G6PD Exacerbation |
Potentially any drug, but especially:
Sulfa drugs Primaquine |
|
Side Effect:
Drug-Induced Lupus |
Hydralazine
Procainamide |
|
Side Effect:
Malignant Hyperthermia |
Halothane
|
|
Side Effect:
Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) |
PDE-5 inhibitors
|
|
Side Effect:
Ototoxicity |
Aminoglycosides
PDE-5 inhibitors |
|
Side Effect:
Neural Tube Defects |
Carbamazepine
Valproic acid When used by mother during pregnancy |
|
Side Effect:
Ebstein's Anomaly |
Lithium
When used by mother during pregnancy |
|
Autoantibody:
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Anti-IgG (rheumatoid factor)
|
|
Autoantibody:
Systemic Lupus |
Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (ANA)
|
|
Autoantibody:
Drug Induced Lupus |
Anti-Histone
|
|
Autoantibody:
CREST |
Anti-Centromere
|
|
Autoantibody:
Myasthenia Gravis |
Anti-ACh Receptor
|
|
Autoantibody:
Graves' Disease |
Anti-TSH Receptor
|
|
Autoantibody:
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
Anti-Microsomal
|
|
Autoantibody:
Wegener's Granulomatosis |
Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasm (ANCA)
|
|
Autoantibody:
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis |
Anti-Mitochondrial
|
|
Ziehl Neelsen Stain
|
Stains acid fast bacteria red
|
|
Autoantibody:
Celiac Sprue |
Anti-Gliadin
|
|
India Ink Stain
|
Cryptococcus
|
|
Autoantibody:
Goodpasture's Syndrome |
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane
|
|
Giemsa Stain
|
Blood smears
|
|
PAS Stain
|
Glycogen
Mucopolysaccharides |
|
Prussian Blue Stain
|
Iron
|
|
Congo Red Stain
|
Amyloid
|
|
Osmic Acid Stain
|
For electron microscopy
|
|
Normal Flora and Potential Pathogens:
Skin |
Normal - Staph epidermidis
Potential - Staph aureus |
|
Oncogene:
c-myc |
Burkitt lymphoma
|
|
Normal Flora and Potential Pathogens:
Nasopharynx |
Normal:
Strep viridans Anaerobes Potential: Strep pneumoniae N. meningitides H. influenzae |
|
Oncogene:
c-abl |
CML
|
|
Normal Flora and Potential Pathogens:
Mouth |
Normal - Strep viridans
Potential - Candida albicans |
|
Oncogene:
bcl-2 |
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
|
|
Normal Flora and Potential Pathogens:
Colon |
Normal - E. coli
Potential: Bacteroides fragilis Enterococci |
|
Oncogene:
ras |
colon carcinoma
|
|
Normal Flora and Potential Pathogens:
Vagina |
Normal:
Lactobacillus Streptococci Potential: Candida albicans |
|
Tumor Suppressor Gene:
RB1 |
Retinoblastoma
|
|
Tumor Suppressor Gene:
BRCA-1 |
Breast Cancer
Ovarian Cancer |
|
Tumor Suppressor Gene:
p53 |
Breast Carcinoma
Colon Carcinoma Bronchial Carcinoma |
|
Tumor Marker:
CEA |
Adenocarcinomas
|
|
Tumor Marker:
alpha-fetoprotein |
Hepatoma
Twin pregnancy Anencephalus |
|
Tumor Marker:
PSA |
Prostate carcinoma
|
|
Tumor Marker:
acid phosphatase |
prostate carcinoma
|
|
Tumor Marker:
alkaline phosphatase |
Metastases to bones
Obstructive biliary disease Paget's disease |
|
Most common primary site for metastases found in:
Brain |
Lung > Breast
|
|
MOA:
Tetanus Toxin |
Blocks release of glycine
Muscle spasm |
|
Most common primary site for metastases found in:
Bone |
Breast > Lung
|
|
MOA:
Botulinum Toxin |
Blocks release of ACh
Muscle paralysis |
|
Most common primary site for metastases found in:
Liver |
Colon > Stomach > Pancrease
|
|
MOA:
Diphtheria Toxin |
Inhibits protein synthesis
ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 |
|
MOA:
Alpha Toxin |
Staph aureus
Hemolysis Necrosis Cell death |
|
MOA:
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin |
Staph aureus
Induces cytokines Anaphylactic shock |
|
MOA:
Cholera Toxin |
Stimulates adenylate cyclase
Activates Gs |
|
MOA:
Pertussis Toxin |
Stimulates adenylate cyclase
Inhibits Gi |
|
MOA:
Enterotoxin |
E. coli
Heat labile: stimulates adenylate cyclase Heat stable: stimulates guanylate cyclase |
|
Deficiency:
Bleeding Gums |
Vitamin C
|
|
Chromosomal Deletion:
5p |
cri du chat syndrome
|
|
Deficiency:
Glossitis |
Vitamin B2
|
|
Chromosomal Deletion:
11p |
congenital absence of iris
|
|
Deficiency:
Cheilosis |
Vitamin B2
|
|
Chromosomal Deletion:
13q |
retinoblastoma
|
|
Heart Sounds:
Mitral Valve Prolaps |
Midsystolic click
Occurs in young women, Marfan syndrome |
|
Deficiency:
Smooth Beefy Red Tongue |
Vitamin B12
|
|
Chromosomal Deletion:
15q11-13 (paternal) |
Prader Willi syndrome
severe infantile hypotony, obesity, mental retardation |
|
Heart Sounds:
Mitral Stenosis |
Diastolic rumble
Occurs in rheumatic heart disease, atrial fibrillation |
|
Chromosomal Deletion:
15q11-13 (maternal) |
Angelman syndrome
happy smile, wide-based gate, epilepsy |
|
Heart Sounds:
Mitral Regurgitation |
Holosystolic murmur
Transmitted to axilla Occurs in MI of papillary muscle, acute rheumatic fever, endocarditis |
|
Predisposition for HLA:
A3 |
Hemochromatosis
|
|
Heart Sounds:
Aortic Stenosis |
Systolic murmur
Transmitted to carotid arteries Pulsus tardus Can be congenital or caused by degenerative calcifications |
|
Most Common Cause:
Common Cold |
Rhinoviruses
|
|
Predisposition for HLA:
B27 |
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome Ulcerative colitis |
|
Heart Sounds:
Aortic Regurgitation |
Diastolic murmur
"Pistol shots" in femoral artery "Water hammer" pulse |
|
Most Common Cause:
Pharyngitis, Laryngitis |
Viral > Bacterial (Beta-hemolyzing Streptococci)
|
|
Predisposition for HLA:
DR2 |
Multiple sclerosis
Narcolepsy |
|
Heart Sounds:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus |
Continuous murmur
"Machine like" |
|
Most Common Cause:
Tonsillitis |
Beta-hemolyzing Streptococci
|
|
Predisposition for HLA:
DR3 |
SLE
IDDM |
|
Most Common Cause:
Sinusitis |
Strep pneumoniae
Staph aureus |
|
Predisposition for HLA:
DR4, Dw4, Dw14 |
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
|
Most Common Cause:
Otitis Media |
Strep pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenza |
|
Most Common Cause:
Bronchitis |
Hemophilus influenza
Strep pneumoniae |
|
Most Common Cause:
Pneumonia |
Infants - RSV
Young Adults - Mycoplasma Elderly - Strep pneumoniae |
|
Most common malignancies:
Men |
Incidence:
prostate > lung > colon Mortality: lung > prostate > colon |
|
Most Common Cause:
Bacterial Meningitis |
Neonates - E. coli, Strep agalactia, Listeria
Adults - Neisseria meningitidis > Strep pneumoniae Elderly - Strep pneumoniae > Neisseria meningitidis |
|
Most common malignancies:
Women |
Incidence:
breast > lung > colon Mortality: lung > breast > colon |
|
Most Common Cause:
Aseptic Meningitis |
Enteroviruses
Arboviruses (summer) |
|
Most common malignancies:
Children |
Overall: leukemia (specifically ALL)
Solid: brain tumors Solid outside CNS: neuroblastoma |
|
Most Common Cause:
Endocarditis |
Strep viridans
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Carbuncle |
Staph aureus
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Sepsis (Catheterized Patient) |
Staph aureus
Candida |
|
Most Common Cause:
Sepsis (Burn Wounds) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Diarrhea |
Children - rotavirus
Adults (US) - Campylobacter Travelers - E. coli, shigella, salmonella |
|
Most Common Cause:
Genital Ulcer |
Herpes > Syphilis
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Urethritis |
Chlamydia > Gonococcus
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Cystitis |
E. coli
|
|
Enterotoxin A-F
|
Diarrhea
|
|
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
|
Anaphylaxis
|
|
Exfolatin
|
"Scalded skin" on hands and feet
|
|
Alpha Toxin
|
Tissue necrosis
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Cadmium |
Honeycomb pneumonia
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Cobalt |
Cardiomyopathy
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Chromium |
Lung cancer
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Lead |
Inhibits heme synthesis
Renal tubular acidosis |
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Mercury |
Neurotoxic (Minamata disease)
Proximal tubular necrosis |
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Arsenic |
Lung cancer
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Asbestos |
Mesothelioma
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Aromatic Amines |
Bladder cancer
|
|
Organ location:
Fatty Acid Synthesis |
Liver
Fat cells |
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Benzene |
Leukemia
|
|
Organ location :
Gluconeogenesis |
Liver
Kidneys |
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Vinyl Chloride |
Liver angiosarcoma
|
|
Organ location:
Heme Synthesis |
Bone marrow
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Alpha-Amanitin |
Fulminant hepatitis
|
|
Organ location:
Amino Acid Synthesis |
Liver
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) |
Forms carboxyhemoglobin
Do not confuse with methemoglobin, which contains oxidized Fe+3 |
|
Organ location:
Urea Synthesis |
Liver
|
|
Pathology Associated With Toxin:
Cyanide |
Inhibits mitochondrial cytochromes
Loss of O2 utilization |
|
Organ location:
Cholesterol Synthesis |
Liver
|
|
Microscopic Findings:
Amyloid |
Birefringence
|
|
Microscopic Findings:
Reed-Sternberg Cells |
Hodgkin's Disease
|
|
Microscopic Findings:
Barrett's Esophagus |
Metaplasia
|
|
Microscopic Findings:
Granulomas |
Caseating: TB
Non-Caseating: foreign body |
|
Microscopic Findings:
Teratoma |
Skin, teeth, neural tissue, etc
|
|
Microscopic Findings:
Kidney Immunofluoresence |
Linear: Goodpasture's
Granular: Membranous GN Mesangial: IgA Nephropathy |
|
Microscopic Findings:
Alzheimer's Disease |
Neurofibrillary tangles
Plaques |
|
Microscopic Findings:
Parkinson's Disease |
Depigmentation of substantia nigra
|
|
K-antigen
|
Capsule
|
|
H-antigen
|
Flagella
|
|
What are the products of tyrosine?
|
Dopa, dopamine
Norepinephrine Epinephrine T3, T4 Melanin |
|
O-antigen
|
Surface antigen
|
|
What are the products of tryptophan?
|
5-HT (serotonin)
Melatonin Niacin |
|
What are the products of glutamate?
|
GABA
|
|
What are the products of glycine?
|
Porphyrin
Heme Creatine (glycine plus arginine) |
|
What are the products of histidine?
|
Histamine
|
|
Autoantibody:
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia |
Anti-RBC
|
|
Autoantibody:
Bullous Pemphigoid |
Anti-epidermal basement membrane
|
|
Thoracic level of sternal notch:
|
T2
|
|
Autoantibody:
Type I Diabetes Mellitus |
Anti-islet cell
|
|
Thoracic level of spine of scapula:
|
T3
|
|
Autoantibody:
Pemphigus |
Anti-keratinocyte junction
|
|
Thoracic level of sternal angle (angle of Lous):
|
T4
|
|
Autoantibody:
Pernicious Anemia |
Anti-intrinsic factor
Anti-parietal cell |
|
Thoracic level of inferior angle of scapula:
|
T7
|
|
Autoantibody:
Microscopic Polyangiitis |
p-ANCA
|
|
Autoantibody:
Polymyositis |
Speckled ANA
20% have anti-Jo-1 |
|
Autoantibody:
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis |
Anti-Scl 70
|
|
Autoantibody:
Sjogren's Syndrome |
Anti-SS A (anti-Ro)
Anti-SS B (anti-La) |
|
Autoantibody:
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (adult form) |
Anti-structural platelet
|
|
Autoantibody:
Vitiligo |
Anti-melanocyte
|
|
Clinical Triad:
Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease |
2 types: warm antibody, cold antibody
Warm: Severe anemia Splenomegaly High MCHC Cold: Anemia Raynaud's syndrome Acrocyanosis |
|
Clinical Triad:
Bullous Pemphigoid |
Bullae
Pruritis Elderly |
|
Clinical Triad:
Type I Diabetes Mellitus |
Hyperglycemia
DKA risk Infections Long-term: Retinopathy Nephropathy Atherosclerosis |
|
Clinical Triad:
Pemphigus |
Nikolsky's sign (skin sloughs off easily)
Oral and skin erosions Older patients |
|
Clinical Triad:
Pernicious Anemia |
Megaloblastic anemia
Gastritis B12 deficiency |
|
What is the vertebral level of the iliac crests?
|
L4-L5
|
|
Clinical Tetrad:
Polyarteritis Nodosa |
Fever
Hypertension Abdominal pain Renal disease without glomerulonephritis |
|
What is the vertebral level of the umbilicus?
|
L3-L4
T10 dermatome |
|
Clinical Triad:
Microscopic Polyangiitis |
Hemoptysis
Hematuria Palpable purpura With glomerulonephritis |
|
Clinical Triad:
Polymyositis |
Proximal muscle weakness
Elevated muscle enzymes Elevated myoglobin |
|
Clinical Triad:
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis |
Visceral organ fibrosis
Facial tightening Sclerodactyly |
|
Clinical Triad:
Sjogren's Syndrome |
Xerostomia (dry mouth)
Keratoconjuctivitis sicca Arthritis |
|
Clinical Triad:
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (adult form) |
Thrombocytopenia
Petechiae and purpura Mucosal bleeding |
|
Clinical Triad:
Vitiligo |
Hypopigmented areas of skin
White hair in areas of affected skin Sunburn risk |
|
Clinical Criteria:
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Need 4 for diagnosis
Morning stiffness > 1 hr Arthritis in 3 or more joints simultaneously Arthritis in hand joints Symmetrical arthritis Rheumatoid nodules Serum rheumatoid factor Erosions or bony decalcification identifiable on X-ray |
|
Clinical Triad:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) |
Malar rash
Lupus nephropathy Arthritis |
|
Clinical Pentad:
CREST |
Calcinosis
Raynaud's Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
|
Clinical Triad:
Drug Induced Lupus |
Arthralgia
Fever Serositis |
|
Clinical Triad:
Myasthenia Gravis |
Post-use episodic muscle weakness
Ptosis Thymus gland pathologies |
|
Clinical Triad:
Graves' Disease |
Symptomatic hypothyroidism
Exophthalmos Pretibial myxedema |
|
Clinical Triad:
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
Nontender goiter
Typically female Hypothyroidism which becomes symptomatic |
|
Clinical Triad:
Wegener's Granulomatosis |
Sinusitis
Glomerulonephritis Lung lesions (cavitary) |
|
Clinical Triad:
Celiac Sprue |
Malabsorption (often with diarrhea)
Dermatitis herpetiformis (papular vesicular rash with pruritis and burning, presents symmetrically on body) Short stature |
|
Clinical Triad:
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis |
Pruritis
Female Jaundice |
|
Autoantibody:
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
Anti-IgG
|
|
Autoantibody:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) |
Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) for screening
Anti-ds DNA for confirmation |
|
Autoantibody:
Drug Induced Lupus |
Anti-histone
|
|
Autoantibody:
CREST |
Anti-centromere
|
|
Autoantibody:
Myasthenia Gravis |
Anti-ACh receptor
|
|
Autoantibody:
Graves' Disease |
Anti-TSH receptor
|
|
Autoantibody:
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis |
Anti-microsomal
|
|
Autoantibody:
Wegener's Granulomatosis |
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm (ANCA)
|
|
Autoantibody:
Celiac Sprue |
Anti-gliadin
|
|
Autoantibody:
Goodpasture's Syndrome |
Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM)
|
|
Autoantibody:
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis |
Anti-mitochondrial
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Amenorrhea |
Pregnancy
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Pancreatitis |
Alcohol abuse
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Anemia |
Iron deficiency
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Nephrotic Syndrome |
Children: Minimal change disease
Adults: Membranous glomerulonephritis |
|
Most Common Cause:
Osteomyelitis |
Staph aureus
Diabetic/Sickle Cell Disease: Salmonella species IV drug users: Serratia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
What types of arteritis affect large vessels?
|
Giant cell
Takayasu |
|
Most Common Cause:
Constipation |
Dehydration
|
|
What types of arteritis affect medium vessels?
|
Polyarteritis nodosa
Kawasaki Thromboangiitis obliterans |
|
What types of arteritis affect small vessels?
|
Wegener's
Henoch-Scholein purpura Hypersensitivity arteritis Churg-Strauss Microscopic polyangiitis Thromboangiitis obliterans |
|
Most Common Cause:
Kidney Stones |
Dehydration
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Pneumonia |
Strep pneumonia
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Ascites |
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Death |
Heart disease (in US)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Male Pseudohermaphrodism |
Testicular feminization
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Female Pseudohermaphrodism |
Adrenogenital syndrome (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Calf Claudication |
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Left-sided Heart Failure |
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Atherosclerosis |
Elevated LDL cholesterol
|
|
Most Common Cause:
DVT |
Blood stasis (especially in late pregnancy and after surgery or prolonged immobility)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Wheezing |
Asthma
|
|
Oncogene:
c-myc |
Burkitt lymphoma
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Cold |
Fall/winter: Rhinovirus
Spring/summer: Adenovirus |
|
Oncogene:
c-abl |
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Bronchiectasis |
Cystic Fibrosis
|
|
Oncogene:
ras |
Colon carcinoma
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Pleural Effusion |
CHF
|
|
Tumor Suppressor Gene:
BRCA-1 |
Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer |
|
Most Common Cause:
Pulmonary Edema |
CHF
|
|
Tumor Suppressor Gene:
p53 |
Breast cancer
Colon cancer Lung cancer (carcinomas) |
|
Most Common Cause:
Septic Shock |
Gram negative bacteria
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Poisoning (in US) |
Carbon monoxide
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Iron Deficiency (older than 50) |
Colon cancer
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
Adenocarcinomas
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Vomiting |
Viral infection
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
High:
Hepatoma Multiple gestation Neural tube defects (found in mother during pregnancy) Yolk sac tumor Endodermal sinus disease Low: Down's syndrome |
|
Most Common Cause:
Hematemesis |
Duodenal ulcer
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) |
Prostate cancer
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Hematochezia |
Diverticulosis
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Acid Phosphatase |
Prostate cancer
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Melena |
Duodenal ulcer
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Alkaline Phosphatase |
Diagnose:
Non-neoplastic bone disease Non-neoplastic disease of biliary system Track: Bone cancers Renal cell carcinoma Normally produced in four places: Bone Kidney Placenta Biliary system |
|
Most Common Cause:
Acute RLQ Pain |
Appendicitis
|
|
Tumor Marker:
5'-HIAA (5'-hydroxyindole acetic acid) |
Carcinoid
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Acute Infectious Diarrhea |
Norovirus
|
|
Tumor Marker:
CA 19-9 |
Colon cancer
Pancreatic cancer Breast cancer |
|
Most Common Cause:
Small Bowel Obstruction |
Adhesions
|
|
Tumor Marker:
CA 125 |
Ovarian cancer
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Erectile Dysfunction |
Diabetes
|
|
Tumor Marker:
CD 25 |
Hairy cell leukemia
Adult T-cell lymphoma |
|
Most Common Cause:
Hyperthyroidism |
Graves' Disease
|
|
Tumor Marker:
CD 30 |
Hodgkin's disease
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Hypothyroidism |
Hashimoto's Disease
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Neuron-specific Enolase |
Small cell lung cancer
Neuroblastoma |
|
Most Common Cause:
Yellow CSF (Xanthochromia) |
Bleed in CNS
|
|
Tumor Marker:
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta-hCG) |
Pregnancy
Gestational trophoblastic disease (hydatidiform mole) Choriocarcinoma |
|
Most Common Cause:
Acute Onset Coma |
Poisoning or drug overdose
|
|
Most likely sites of metastasis:
Breast Cancer |
Bone > Brain
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Blindness (in Elderly) |
Macular degeneration
|
|
Most likely sites of metastasis:
Lung Cancer |
Brain > Bone
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Tremor |
Essential tremor
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Dementia |
Alzheimer's Disease
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Psychosis |
Depression
|
|
Most Common Cause:
Headache |
Tension headache
|
|
Classic Triad:
SLE |
Malar rash
Lupus nephropathy Arthritis |
