KIN 101 Introduction

any vertical plane which divides the body into left and right parts; named after the the sagittal suture of the skull

Any vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions; named after coronal suture of the skull

any plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts

any plane perpendicular to the long axis of a structure

Same as the horizontal plane

flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
medial rotation
lateral rotation
circumduction
horizontal abduction and adduction

Elevation, depression
protraction, retraction
lateral and medial rotation

flexion, extension

Pronation and supination

flexion and extension
radial and ulnar deviation

flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
circumduction
medial rodation

flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
circumduction

flexion, extension

flexion, extension
abduction, adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumduction

flexion, extension
medial and lateral rotation of flexed knee

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
abduction, adduction
inversion (supination)
eversion (pronation)

Flexion and extension
abduction, adduction

Elevation, depression
Protraction, retraction
side-to-side movements

Flexion and extension
lateral flexion (left and right)
rotation (left and right)

Forward rotation, backward rotation
lateral tilt and rotation

hole
a rounded opening through with blood vessels, nerves and ligaments or other structures pass

canal; a tube-like passageways running within a bone

an air-filled cavity within a bone

a deep narrow pit.
eg., tooth socket

groove that accommodates a soft structure such as a blood vessel, nerve or tendon

a pully-like surface

self-evident

a bassin-like depression in, or on, a bone

a small fossa

projection from the main part of the bone

a relatively large, rounded, knuckle-like process for articulation

a rounded enlargement at the end of a bone beyond the neck

a flat or slightly curved articular surface or a synovial joint

a small rounded eminence, usually less rough than a tuberosity

a large, usually roughened eminence

a very large, blunt projection found only on femur

a prominence above or on a condyle; found only at the elbow and knee

A prominent ridge or a bone

a sharp slender process

1. Epithelium
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle
4. Nerve

1. epithelial
2. endothelial
3. mesothelial

1. areolar (loose)
2. adipose
3. collagenous (dense)
4. elastic
5. reticular
6. cartilage
7. bone

1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage

smooth
cardiac
striated

- occurs most commonly in sheets and is especially adapted for covering tissues

the amount of intercellular material, being no more than is required to cement the cells together, is reduced to a minimum

functions:
- protection
- absorption
- secretion

- epidermis (outer layer of skin) and living membranes that are continuous with the epidermis

- include the membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary and generative tracts

- may be only one cell thick (simple) or may consist of many layers (stratified)

- forms the inner lining o the wlls of the blood and lymphatic vessels and heart

- have no continuity with the epidermis

- consist of a single layer or flattened cells to form a smooth surface o the inside of the vessels

- a single-layered, very flattened epithelium

- lines the 4 great cavities of the trunk

- a connective tissue

- forms a bed for skin and mucous membranes.
- it is called "aroalar" because the cells lie in a loose, irregular network of scattered fibres which fill the area

- a connective tissue

- is areolar tissue that is impregnated with cells loaded with fat (adipose cells)

- a connective tissue

- has a predominance of white, collagenous fibers in bindles

- strong but stretches little

-the principle component of tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, deep fascie, intermuscular septa and periosteum

- a connective tissue

- has elastic fibers that branch freely and can be stretched

- a component of the walls of elastic arteries, the trachea, bronchial tubes and the lungs themselves

- a connective tissue

- very delicate trellis-work of loose areolar tissue providing the support and framework of many organs

- capable of enduring considerably more stress than other connective tissues

- three types:
1. hyaline
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage

- a highly specialized connective tissue in wish extacellular matrix becomes calcified and mantained in this state through the activity of special connective tissue cells called osteocytes

- the most abundant kind of cartilage in the body
- found in joints where it is called articular cartilage
- also forms the ventral ends of the ribs where it is called costal cartilage
-affords flexibility and support

- has a greater number of connective tissue fibers in the matrix
-strong and rigid
- fount in the intervertebral discs and in the symphysis pubis

-contains many elastic fibers
- provides strength and maintains the shape of certain organs

attach muscles to bone

attach bone to bone

flat bands connecting muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

-typically occurs in sheets surrounding hollow viscera (eg., the walls of the digestive tract, walls of blood vessels)

- involuntary contraction

- the individual muscle is elongated with tapered ends

- the cells are interlocked with each other and contraction occurs regionally rather than involving individual cells

- confined to the heart and the bases of the great vessels adjacent to the heart

- involuntary contraction
- have some striations

- cells tend to branch

- individual cells or fibers are cylindrical

- each fiber contains many nuclei and closely packed, longitudinally arranged fibrils (myofibrils) that form alternating light and dark bands

- fibres run parallel to one another and do not branch like cardiac muscle

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis

- epithelium
- non-vascular

nails, hair follicles, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

- firmly attached to the deep surface of the epidermis.

- also called subcutaneous tissue
- classifies as loose (areolar) connective tissue
- in certain parts of the body and in obesity, this tissue is replete with fat (adipose) cells and is then called adipose tissue

- this, whitish layer of dense, irregular tissue
- deep in the superficial fascia
- forms a continuous layer around the musculature blending with the outer dense connective tissue sheaths of the muscle

thin layer of connective tissue around bones

loose, areolar connective tissue that forms a packing layer around nervesm blood vessels, muscles and organs such as the heart and kidneys

1. support framework of body
2. act as levers for the muscles
3. provide protection for viscera
4. primary blood flowing organs
5. storehouse of various salts

- have a greater length than width
- consist of diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (extremities)
- more or less curved for greater strength
- designed for leverage and weight-bearing

- somewhat cube-shaped
- eg., bones in wrists and ankles

- thin and flat
- provide protection and considerable areas for muscle attachment
- eg., cranial bones, sternum, ribs and scapula

- very complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the other 3 categories
- eg., facial bones and vertebra

- small nodules of bone formed in various tendons where a lot of pressure develops.
- eg., knee cap (patella)

Bone forming cells