KIN 308 - Final

single

holding between fingers and palm. Occurs up to about 9 months

gripping between fingers and thumb

power…precision

week 16

week 20

week 24

week 28

week 32

week 36

week 52

the act of grasping

shape and size

9

is adapting characteristics of the task or environment to the overall body size or to the body compartment

he individual, the environment, and tasks

before

Coordinated

moving the hand to the mouth

open the mouth

at 2 months infants show bilateral reaching arm extension and reaching.

at 2 months infants show bilateral reaching arm extension and reaching.

he individual, the environment, and tasks

4.5

4.5

alternated

alternated

pulling apart and insertion.

before

pulling apart and insertion.

tools.

tools.

Coordinated

moving the hand to the mouth

open the mouth

moving the hand to the mouth

at 2 months infants show bilateral reaching arm extension and reaching.

open the mouth

4.5

alternated

pulling apart and insertion.

tools.

cooperatively

2

initiation -> acceleration -> deceleration -> termination

gaining control of an object by reaching to intercept it or stop it with an implement: Catching is the most common. “Fielding” in hockey allows one to gain control of the puck.

manipulated

arms extended in “trapping” motion. No absorption of movement. Palms up

difficulty

little response -> Hugging -> Scooping -> arms give

Palms up -> Palms in -> Palms adjusted to flight and size of the ball.

…trajectory

No adjustment -> Awkward adjustment (head remains erect) -> Proper adjustment – feet trunk and arms all more, adjusting to the flight path of the ball

involved in many manipulative tasks and interception skills. Studies involve coincidence anticipation tasks

anticipating completion of movement to coincide with the arrival of moving object.

interception success is often related to object size (ball), speed, and trajectory (affected by spin).

plays an important role in determining how a person is able to catch a ball

visual optical acceleration

stability in the kinematic values of a set of movements. Allows one to catch a ball travelling horizontally

stimulus for visual perception

little research is available. Catching might be influenced by factors affecting movement, speed, or ability to reach. Older adults are somewhat less accurate and more variable on coincidence anticipation tasks. Older adults can improve with practice.

...practice.

...task and environmental constraints.

...how catchers intercept a ball.

the neural process

… the brain

a multistage process in the central nervous system.

selection, processing, organization, and integration of information received from the senses.

different

functionally useful

functionally useful

400

400

…20in.

…20in.

6

6

10

10

…sensitivity

…sensitivity

Includes perceiving space, objects, and motion.

the lost of accommodation power to focus on near objects. Can be corrected with lenses

somatosensors and vestibular apparatus.

Includes perceiving space, objects, and motion.

1) Body, 2) position of the body in space, 3) limb movements, and 4) Object perception 5) Single vs multiple touch points

…depth and distance.

Muscle spindles, golgi-tendon organs (senses tension), joint receptors (help us tell where a point is), cutaneous receptors

the lost of accommodation power to focus on near objects. Can be corrected with lenses

located in the inner ear. Consists of the semicircular canals -senses roation- and the otolith in the saccule and utricle.

…depth and distance.

2 months and allows for the development

retinal disparity, motion parallax, and optic flow

6 years

retinal disparity, motion parallax, and optic flow

detecting the smallest gap between two touch points, varies throughout body.

each eye sees a different visual fields. Depth perception comes from the disparity of the two images

4 and 6

objects overlapping each other as we move our heads. Helps us perceive depth

…8 years

transformation of optic aray

children can recognize identify and differentiate the location, movement, and interrelationship of body parts. Also deals with the awareness of the spatial orientation and perceived location of the body.

…depth.

9 years of age.

size, shape and motion.

up and down, then front and back, and finally side-to-side

…edges. Edges can be boundaries or not boundaries. Boundaries are assigned to objects.

knowing the left and right sides of the body are distinct. Labeling left and right improves in late childhood (8-11yo). Children show adult-like responses by age 10.

…edges.

preferring one eye, ear, hand, and foot over the other side. If dominance is all on the same side of the body, it is termed “pure”, but is not necessary for proper neurological organization.

preferring one eye, ear, hand, and foot over the other side. If dominance is all on the same side of the body, it is termed “pure”, but is not necessary for proper neurological organization.

preferring one eye, ear, hand, and foot over the other side. If dominance is all on the same side of the body, it is termed “pure”, but is not necessary for proper neurological organization.

...4 and 8 years old.

Before 3 mos

Before 3 mos

Before 3 mos

when part of a picture or object is discriminated from the whole yet all parts can be integrated.

After 3 mos

After 3 mos

After 3 mos

…perception.

By 7 months

By 7 months

By 7 months

retinal

Within 1 month of emergence of unimanual manipulation

neurological mechanisms are dedicated to detecting motion. Cortical cells fire according to the direction, location, and speed of an object. Infants can perceive motion and can detect direction and velocity

By 4 yrs.

Cortical

it is necessary for us to accurately reproduce limb movements without looking at them. Children are proficient by age 8

The lost of accommodation power to focus on near objects. Can be corrected with lenses

the ability to perceive the body’s position independent of vision. Improvements are made between 6 and 8 years of age, but little is known after 8 years.

objects of interest (figure) and the background it is on.

the ability to project the body’s spatial dimensions into surrounding space. To grasp spatial concepts about movements or children can indicate the that the yarn is on the left side of the cat.

parts of a picture can be discriminated from the whole, yet all parts can be integrated (visual of two giraffes making one heart). Parts and whole are perceived simultaneously

the ability to project the body’s spatial dimensions into surrounding space. To grasp spatial concepts about movements or children can indicate the that the yarn is on the left side of the cat.

some sensitivity may be lost.

the ability to feel movement of the limbs and body. From proprioceptors.

outer ear, middle ear, and cochlea of the inner ear

gel-filled cochlea,

hearing loss is more frequent in older adults.

environmental noise and physiological stuff.

…increase

the minimal sound that a hearer can sense at least half of the time a signal is sounded

the closest that two sounds can be yet still allow the hearer to distinguish them at least 75% of the time

involves perception of 1) location, 2) Differences in similar sound, 3) Patterns, and 4) auditory figure and ground

newborns turn in the direction of the sound. By age 3, children can locate even far away sounds. Older adults lose this ability

Infants can discriminate basic speech sounds between 1 and 4 months (p and b or d and t). Accuracy in discriminations improves into adulthood. Older adults lose it.

Time, perceived by 1 year. Intensity detected between 5 and 11 months.

simple patterns detected by 6 months, more complex by 1 year.

Infants are able to distinguish ambient sound from talk. Older adults have more difficulty in hearing conversations when there’s background noise.

Intergrational and unified

events often perceived though various modalities and the infant has to learn how they all relate (integrate)

Intergrational and unified

infants must learn about the world from unified information coming through different modalities

newborns turn toward a sound to match visual fixation on the spatial origin of sound.

events often perceived though various modalities and the infant has to learn how they all relate (integrate)

comprehension of object names is important. More research is needed

newborns turn toward a sound to match visual fixation on the spatial origin of sound.

comprehension of object names is important. More research is needed

when a force is applies to an object in order to project it. Examples: - throwing, -kicking, - punting, and - striking.

takes many forms: side arm, overhand, and overhand.

speed, accuracy, or distance traveled.

excellent for assessing skill development or improvement. Disadvantages: does no account for the skill level of the person and does not account for body size

assess the movement process/pattern.

assesses the quality of the throw pattern. Disadvantage: requires careful observations

motions restricted to arms only. No step -> power comes from elbow alone.

- preparatory arm and leg wind up. Differential trunk rotation. Arm and forearms lag behind. Movements are sequential to transfer momentum

none -> block rotation -> differentiated rotation

when the spine and pelvis move in unison.

pelvis and shoulders rotate independently

none -> shoulder flexion -> circular upward backswing, circular.

no step -> homolateral step -> contralateral step

sequences of arm action and trunk action show to fall in the same fixed order in all individuals. Shown by longitudinal study. There can be different combinations of movement patterns seen, but most of them are seen together

arm action and trunk action.

regression

less practice, individual constraints. A difference in sexes is observed

older adults demonstrate some more advanced steps and some novice steps (e.g. step3 or 4 backswing but block rotation of trunk)

perceptual…eyefoot

kicking while standing still. More like “pushing” the ball with your foot

preparatory wind up (run up, typically) trunk is rotated back. Kicking knee is bent, planted knee bent. Arms move opposite to legs. Movement is sequential.

(not)

where supporting foot is placed. Range of motion and extension of knee. Range of trunk motion and opposition of arms

toss the ball in the air rather than dropping it. Hit the ball with their toes rather than instep.

arm is extended before ball is dropped. Once the ball is dropped, the arms drop and move into opposition (to counter trunk rotation) Punter leaps onto supporting leg, swings punting leg vigorously to make contact. Punting leg is kept straight, toes are pointed.

preparatory wind up (run up, typically) trunk is rotated back. Kicking knee is bent, planted knee bent. Arms move opposite to legs. Movement is sequential.

The coordination to kick the ball as it’s already moving. Hand/leg movement.

(not)

various body parts can be used, implements can be used, mechanical principles are similar for all striking tasks

where supporting foot is placed. Range of motion and extension of knee. Range of trunk motion and opposition of arms

chopping motion, little leg and trunk motion

toss the ball in the air rather than dropping it. Hit the ball with their toes rather than instep.

sideways preparatory stance and long step. Differentiated trunk rotation. Horizontal swing through large ranges of motion (arm extended before contact), sequential movements

arm is extended before ball is dropped. Once the ball is dropped, the arms drop and move into opposition (to counter trunk rotation) Punter leaps onto supporting leg, swings punting leg vigorously to make contact. Punting leg is kept straight, toes are pointed.

sequences for foot and trunk in overarm throw can be used like throwing. Plan of swing eventually goes from vertical to horizontal. Grip goes from power grip to “shake-hands” grip. Elbows are held away from body and extended before contacts

The coordination to kick the ball as it’s already moving. Hand/leg movement.

various body parts can be used, implements can be used, mechanical principles are similar for all striking tasks

chopping motion, little leg and trunk motion

sideways preparatory stance and long step. Differentiated trunk rotation. Horizontal swing through large ranges of motion (arm extended before contact), sequential movements

sequences for foot and trunk in overarm throw can be used like throwing. Plan of swing eventually goes from vertical to horizontal. Grip goes from power grip to “shake-hands” grip. Elbows are held away from body and extended before contacts

can be with or without implement

– limited trunk rotation, swing with collapsed elbow, little or no lag with the swing forward, much like early throwing in appearance.

lower and upper trunk are rotated more than 90 deg. Elbow between 90-119. Racket lag to increase movement. Movement is sequential

preparatory trunk action increases, spinal and pelvic range of motion increases, elbows angle at strike increases, racket lag increases

proficient performers optimize mechanical principles to maximize force and speed. Such as: -sequential movements, momentum transfer, increased limb velocity.

automatic