Kuntzman Ch.20 The Endocrine System

Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone, & other tissues to synthesize & secrete insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Promote growth of body cells, protein synthesis, tissue repair, breakdown of triglycerides & elevation of blood glucose.

Stimulates synthesis & secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

In females, initiates development of oocytes & induces secretion of estrogens by the ovaries. In males, stimulates testes to produce sperm.

in females, stimulates secretion of estrogens & progesterone, ovulation, & fomation of corpus lutem. In males, stimulates testes to produce testosterone.

In females, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex.

Exact rol in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity. When present in excess, can cause darkening of skin.

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle cells of uterus during childbirth. Stimulates milk ejection from the mammary glands.

Conserves body water by decreasing urine output. Decreases water loss through sweating. Raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.

What are the 2 types of pituitary hormones?

What are the Anterior Pituitary Hormones controlled by?

Name the 7 anterior pituitary hormones.

What is the function of the posterior pituitary hormones?

Which hormone requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

For the formation of thyroxine (T4) to occur, it is essential that __________ be present.

Parathyroid hormone promotes formation of which hormone that stimulates the absorptionof calcium ions from the digestive tract?

What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?

Classified as a glucocorticoid?

Target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones are in the __________ __________.

Which gland/organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Produce antagonistic results?

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Stimulates protein synthesis & inhibits protiein breakdown

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids results in the following clinical symptoms: redistribution of body fat, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, hypertension 'moon face' & buffalo hump' excessive brusing, & poor wound healing.

Premature closing of the epiphyseal plates

The concentration of calcium ions & phosphates in the blood is regulated by_____

Hormone that influences metabolism of most somatic cells?

Associated with diabetes mellitus?

The major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

The cell bodies of the axons of the posterior pituitary gland are actually located in the ___________.

Abnormally high levels of which anterior pituitary hormone will lead to hyperglycemia?

The posterior pituitary gland stores & secretes?

Abnormally low secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland results in the disease.

Adrenal hormones useful in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism.

Type II diabetes most often occurs in humans who are overweight and what age?

Either a deficiency in insulin production by the pancreas or defects in insulin receptors on target cells results in what disease?

Where is the pineal gland is located?

Jet lag is associated witht he changes in secretion of a hormone from the _________ gland.

What are hormone secretions regulated by?

Which gland produces a hormone that raises blood calcium ion levels?

Where are hormones transported?

How do hormones affect target cells?

Release occurs in short burst
Regulated by
Signals from nervous system
Most controlled by negative feedback
Chemical changes in the blood
Blood Ca2+ affects parathyroid hormone release
Other Hormones

Major link between nervous system and endocrine system
Controls Anterior pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibiting hormones through a series of blood vessels
Controls Posterior pituitary by a neural connection

Anterior & Posterior portions
Located in depression of Sphenoid bone
Attached to hypothalamus

Stimulates protein synthesis
-Maintains muscle & bone mass
- promotes healing of injuries, tissue repair
Produces ATP “fuel” available for growth
-breaks down liver glycogen & fats increasing blood glucose levels

Disorders:
Hyposercetion of hGH
Hypersecretion of hGH

-Stimulates thyroid gland -Stimulates ovaries & testies
-Stimulates ovaries & testies
-Stimulates adrenal cortex
-Stimulates the melancytes

Location: Inferior to larynx (Voicebox)
Structure
Follicular cells produce
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine(T4)
Parafollicular Cells produce
Calcitonin (CT)

Decreases “tones down” blood Ca2+
Inhibits osteoclast activity; calcium remains in bone
Strengthens bones
Commonly used to treat osteoporosis
Controlled by blood Ca2+ levels
Antagonistic to Parathyroid hormone

Increase blood Ca2+
Stimulates osteoclast activity; breaks down bone
Slows Ca2+ loss in urine
Stimulates production of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D); increase Ca2+ absorption in GI tract

Located posterior to thyroid gland

Located posterior to stomach
Both an exocrine and endocrine organ
Endocrine cells

Pancreatic Islets
*Produce glucagon?
*Produce insulin?

Stimulates glucagon release
Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown, increasing blood glucose

Stimulates insulin release
Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis by permitting glucose into liver cells, decreasing blood glucose
Insulin stimulates excessive glycogen to produce fat

Most common endocrine disorder: Inability to produce or use insulin; blood glucose levels increase “spilling” into urine.
Hallmarks: Polyria (excessive urine)
Polydipsid (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive eating)

Insulin dependent): Auto immune; beta cells destroyed

Most common.
Controlled by diet, exercise, and &weight loss most non-insulin dependent, target become less sensitive to insulin

Where are adrenal (suprarenal) glands

Name the two regions of the adrenal gland.

Name the trhree zones of the outer cortex.

Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Increases blood glucose during stress
Anti-inflammatory effect
Suppresses immune system
Organ transplants

Disorders
Cushings Syndrome:
Hypersecreation of cortisol;
Hyperglycemia & weight gain
Addisons Disease:
Hyposecretion of cortisol
Hypoglycemia & weight loss

Males & females secrete small amounts
After menopause , all female estrogens come from :

Inner portion of adrenal glands
Enhances Sympathetic nervous system
-Release epinephrine & nor epinephrine
*Increases heart rate, blood pressure & respiratory rate
*Increases blood glucose for ATP production

-Produce gametes (sperm & egg)
-Testosterone in males
-Estrogen & Progesterone in females

-Located in brain
-Produces melatonin, promotes sleep
-Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
-Type of depression; over production of melatonin

*Occurs during extreme or long lasting stresses (disturbances)
*3 stages
1. Initial “Fight or Flight - Sympathetic Response
2. Resistance - Endocrine Response
3.Exhaustion - Death may result if stress continues