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95 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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the basic building block of DNA is?
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nucleotide
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what are the structural components of 1 DNA nucleotide?
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1. deoxyribose sugar
2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen containing base |
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what type of structure does DNA form?
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double helix; 2 chains of nucleotides run parallel & bases from complimentary pairs down the middle
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what 4 nucleotide bases are found in DNA molecule?
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1. Adenine 3. Cytosine
2.. Thymine 4. Guanine |
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which nucleotides form complementary pairs?
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Adenine & Thymine
Cytosine & guanine |
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what is the basic function of DNA? how do they seperate?
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cells temporarily separate 2 strands of DNA by breaking bonds of complimentary bases
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what is genetic code?
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sequence of bases in DNA chain that give instructions
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before a cell divides, what must it do?
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Make a second copy of its DNA molecule.
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why does DNA replication require that the molecule be unzipped?
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so each strand can be a template fr the formation of the new strand.
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when does DNA replication occur?
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prior to cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
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how many free nucleotides puzzle pieces did we use when constructing DNA?
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24
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when we constructed DNA how many pieces were in each nucleotide?
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4---adenine & thymine
8----cytosine & guanine |
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what is being formed when a phosphate group of 1 nucleotide to the deoxyribose sugar of another?
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covalent bond
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what sequence is used to make 1 strand of DNA?
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C G T C C A
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group of enzymes within the cell are collectively known as?
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DNA polymerase
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what does DNA polymerase do?
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break hydrogen bonds down length of DNA & separate paired bases of opposite stands.
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2 double stranded DNA molecules result from?
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DNA replication
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complementary sequences of bases from as a result of?
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hydrogen bond formation
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Original strand of DNA represents ____ of each new DNA molecule & ___comprises of the other.
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one half;;;;; & new constructed complementary strands make other half
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what is semiconservatie replication?
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each DNA molecule contains the "original" strand & the "new" complimentary one
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cells only make second copy if?
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DNA is preparing for cell division
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where are covalent bonds found in the structure of DNA?
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paired phosphate group & deoxyribose sugar
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where are hydrogen bonds found in the structure of DNA?
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between base pairs that link complementary strands together
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how does the location of hydrogen bonds allow the cell to unzip the DNA?
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it exposes the bases.
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why are hydrogen bonds so important?
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they are weak & easily break apart & enable replication
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What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
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Nucleotides
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what are the 3 subunits that make up a single DNA nucleotide? & RNA nucleotide
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DNA = Phosphate group
Deoxyribose nitrogen base RNA= Phosphate group ribose nitrogen base |
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List 4 ways RNA is different from DNA.
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1. Three forms of RNA molecule exist.
2. RNA polypeptide chain is single-stranded 3. Sugar molecule that makes up the nucleotides is ribose 4. Nitrogen base uracil is found instead of thymine. |
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What is the process RNA copies genetic code of DNA?
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Transcription
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what are 3 forms of RNA
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1. messenger= mRNA
2. ribosome= rRNA 3. transfer= tRNA |
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what is the structure of RNA nucleotide?
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ribose sugar
phosphate nitrogen base |
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4 nucleotides in RNA
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1. adenine 3. guanine
2. Uracil 4.cytosine |
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what function does mRNA perform in protein synthesis?
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transcribed from DNA; encodes amino acid sequences;
Copies DNA info & carries it to the ribosome. |
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what function does rRNA preform in protein synthesis?
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structures in cytoplasm that position mRNA & tRNA close together & allow amino acids in tRNA to be connected into polypeptide chain
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what function does tRNA preform in protein synthesis?
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shaped like clover leaf;;Finds amino acid & carries it to the ribosome; then its bases
pair with mRNA to assemble a protein;;; ATP for energy |
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what nucleotide RNA bases form complimentary pairs with DNA bases?
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Bases of RNA:
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, & Guanine Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, & Guanine= bases of DNA |
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where does transcription take place?
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in the nucleolus
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where does translation take place
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in cytoplasm at structures called ribosomes
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what is RNA polymerase
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attaches to portion of DNA molecule & causes it to unzip; exposing the genetic code
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why are tRNA & mRNA attracted to each other?
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tRNA has complementary base pairing with the sequence of mRNA & make protein together
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what is replication? & where does it take place?
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DNA makes exact copy of itself;; in nucleus
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what is transcription & where does it take place?
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DNA makes RNA;; in nucleus
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what is translation & where does it take place?
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RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) is used to make protein;;;
in cytoplasm at ribosomes |
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how many amino acids are there?
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20
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what is mitosis?
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1 cell divides & is replaced by 2 new identical cells
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what is the 1st step in mitosis?
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duplicating the genetic material
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what is the 2nd step in mitosis?
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distributing 1 set of instructions to 2 new daughter cells
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during mitosis, how is DNA packaged?
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as chromosomes
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what structure are tightly coiled?
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chromosomes
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what is used to identify the stages of mitosis?
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the appearance of chromosomes & their precise arrangement
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what phase must DNA synthesis occur?
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interphase
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what is the diff between chromatin & chromosomes?
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chromatin is loose DNA & chromosomes are tightly coiled.
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a typical ells carries out its chemical reactions, protein synthesis & other functions during ______
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interphase
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why do cells undergo mitosis?
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for growth
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what can be seen inside interphase?
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network of chromatin
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what is mitosis?
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cells repackage DNA into compact form (chromosomes) & move thru out cytoplasm without breaking apart.
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once 2 copies of duplicated DNA have been moved to opposite ends, what happens?
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the cytoplasm divides in half to form 2 separate cells
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what are daughter cells?
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the 2 cells formed by the cytoplasm during mitosis
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during prophase, what region holds sister chromatids in place?
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centromere
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what are sister chromatids?
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2 genetically identical strands
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as prophase continues what happens to the nuclear membrane?
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it starts to break down
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by the end of prophase what happens to the nuclear membrane?
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the nuclear membrane is out of the way & chromosomes spill out into cytoplasm
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what are the 4 stages of mitosis?
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1. PROphase
2. METAphase 3. ANAphase 4. TELOphase |
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once the nuclear membrane has been broken down what happens to the sister chromatids?
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they quickly attach to the spindle fibers
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where is the equator in metaphase?
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middle of the spindle fiber
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what are the poles?
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the opposite ends of the spindle fiber
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what happens to the chromosomes during metaphase?
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they attach to the equator & line up in straight line
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what happens to the sister chromatids during the ANAphase?
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move towards opposite poles
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what happens to the centromeres of the chromosomes in the ANAphase?
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they split apart
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once the sister chromatids are moved apart, what are they now called?
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chromosomes
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what phase is the seperation of genetic copies of DNA compete?
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TELOphase
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what happens to the nuclear membrane during TELOphase?
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it starts to reform as telophase progresses
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what happens to the chromosomes during telophase?
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they start to unravel
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how does cytokinesis occur in plants?
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formation of cell plate
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how does cytokinesis occur in animals?
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the development of a cleavage furrow
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what is mitotic apparatus?
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provides machinery by which the replicated DNA is distributed between the daughter cells
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what are the 5 components of the mitotic apparatus?
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1. chromosomes
2. centromere 3. centrioles 4 spindle fibers 5. aster rays |
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_____ attaches the chromosomes to the spindle fibers
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centriole
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what is not found in plants?
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centrioles & Aster Rays
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tiny structures made up of bundles of short microtubules found outside the nucleus in animal cells
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centrioles
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what are spindle fibers?
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-stretch from pole to pole;
-connect centromere of sister chromatids with pole -form framework-sister chromatids are aligned in metaphase |
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what connects centromere of sister chromatids with the pole?
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spindle fibers
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what are Aster Rays?
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short spindle fibers at the poles of dividing animal cells
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what is a haploid?
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1 copy of each gene (egg, sperm)
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what is a diploid?
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2 copies of every gene; 1 gene from each parent
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what is meiosis?
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cells go thru 2 divisions & only half of the chromosomes are passed to each cell.
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why does the egg cell have to be fertilized by the sperm cell before it can develop into offspring?
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2 copy of chromosomes are needed to make offspring
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what is genotype?
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internally coded, inheritable information
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what is phenotype?
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observable structure
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what is the diff btwn sister chromatids & homologous chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes= same arrangement not connected I I
Sister chomatids= identical & connected X |
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what is the diff btwn complete dominance & incomplete dominance?
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dominant gene completely masks the effect of the recessive gene; incomplete dominance mixes with the other ex WW BB= tan
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what is heterozygous?
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different genotype
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what is homozygous?
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identical gene genotype
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what is diff btwn mitosis & meiosis?
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mitosis= 1 split
MEIOSIS= 2 splits |
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The mRNA strand is met in the _____ by
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complimentary tRNA anticodons, which have opposing bases to that of the mRNA strand (the codons).
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