lec 1-4 test questions-mcallister Flash Cards

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Title: lec 1-4 test questions-mcallister
Description: lec 1-4 test questions
Number of Cards: 87
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Author: erumkhan20079
Created: 2010-10-13
Tags: 1-4 lec mcallister questions test
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • identify: status
    • 1st tier-smallest
      any named social position that people occupy
      mother, daughter, priest, teacher
      eg: micro sociology
    • iidentify: role
    • 2nd tier
      set of expectations assoicated with a particular status,
      mothers are suppose to raise children, priests are celibate
      another example of micro sociology
    • identify: group
    • 3rd tier
      a set of people who interact regularly and are aware of their identity as a unit
      office workers, students, firemen
    • identify: organization
    • 4th tier
      complex network of groups statues that provide a common purpose purpose, often with hierarchical division of labor
      corporation, college
    • identify: institution
    • Tier 5-biggest
      stable set of roles, statuses, groups and organization that provide a foundation for behavior in the major ares of social life
      focus of macro sociology
      eg: military, education, every business
    • what are the central components of the def of culture
    • a defined social group who share
      1) values (abstrast ideals)-must make money
      2) language-english
      3) symbols- representations of culture, american flag
      4) norms (behavioral rules), don't fart in public
      5) material goods they produce and use, ie: cars, bleach
    • how are society & culture differing but interlated terms?
    • society is fixed, culture is fluid. cultures exist within societies but societies don't rely on culture to exist.
    • how is culture learned? how does it change?
    • culture is learned thru social interaction, changes as norms and values change
    • identify: subculture
    • share some norms, values, material goods within a society but distinguish themselves from the majority.
      punks, atheists, Amish
    • why are scientist interested in cultural universals?
    • it helps to define similarities within a society; such as norms, material goods, values that are shared by all in a society
      language, family & marriage systems
    • what is the role of 'nature vs nurture debate' when discussing culture?
    • sociologist tend to lean towards nurture, this discussion is a way to explain how ppl are socialized. culture is learned through a person's socialization. it is human nature to nurture
    • identify: ethnocentrism
    • principle of viewing one's own culture as the 'standard' for normalcy and then applying this standard when evaluating other people's culture, opposite of cultural relativism
      ie: burka's should be illegal, you will go to hell if you eat meat
    • identify: cultural relativism
    • principle that people should not judge the behaviour of others using the standards of their own culture, (any cultural practice must be analyzed on its own). cows are sacred, meat is murder, clowns are cool
    • what components track societal changes in human societies?
    • stratification- the condition of being arranged in social classes within a group
      work-distribution of labor
      governance- governing body
    • what dynamics charactersize hunter and gatherer/stateless societies?
    • 1) stratification- small communities, referred to as affluent bec/ of specialized skillset and primary needs are met. no experience of war (no organization conflict). became vulnerable because of lack of resources.
      2) work-distribution of labor very defined and inflexible
      3) governance- stateless, had no central governing body, works well in a small group, ie: group authority
    • what dynamics characterized pastorial & agrarian societies?
    • population growth, experience massive social changes-->needed more land & produced a surplus-->access to transportation to travel and trade with other societies. the exposure to other societies created the first development of warfare bec/ societies develop different ways of supporting themselves. societies become bigger-->lead to the creation of traditional states
    • Indicators of increased complexities in society
    • 1) stratification
      2) work
      3) governance
    • what dynamics characterized traditional states?
    • 1) social class were becoming more stratified
      2) division of work was less defined, more options in career
      3)started to centralize the governing body
    • what are nation states?
    • political communities with clearly delineated borders, in which centralized gov't have much control over the citizenry, and laws have universal application. divison of labor is stratified, new classes are created.
    • power
    • the capability of groups or individual to make their own intersts and concerns count, even when others resist. used in ethnocentrism to control people within a culture.
    • globalization
    • the processes through which people's lives all around the world become connected. how?
      1. economically 2. politically 3. environmentally 4. culturally ie: the global market
    • nationalism
    • a set of symbols and beliefs that provide a sense of being part of a single political community
      ie: the american flag - democracy
    • fundamentalism
    • a movement or attitude stressing strict and literal adherence to a set of basic principles
      ie: catholism, buddism
    • what is socialization?
    • the process where an infant becomes self aware, self knowledgeable person, skilled in the ways of the culture into which she/he are born into.
    • Why is socialization so crucial to society?
    • it teaches norms, values and defines collective learning. ie: the rock throwing video.
      includes all levels of social learning.
      connects generations together
      much of the process of social learning is informal.
      social reproduction: the process that contribute to the perpetuation of cultural practices
    • can adults be socialized? give an example
    • yes, when someone changes social status-->worker to student, single to married
    • what is resocialization?
    • intense deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors when someone changes social status --> citizen to criminal, single to married
    • what role do total institutions play in resocialization?
    • they provide a physical settings in which groups of individuals are seperated from broader society and forced to lead an enclosed, formally administered life eg: military, mental institution, fat farm, rehab. center
    • the case of Genie
    • extended periods of social isolation result in permanent damage. connection with other humans in critical in human development, she lacked that contact.
      - a matter of nurture rather than nature.
      - Hinders the development of our humanity as well as our particular personalities.
      - It is human nature to nurture.
      An intense effort to socialize her failed. She couldn't develpment beyond a 5 year old.
    • what are the dynamics of early social development?
    • 1) Perception--crying in babies: social or cultural?
      2) observation and modeling
      3) discipline and regulation
      4) play: solitary, parallel, associative, cooperative, "generalized other"
    • Most sociologists take what position concerning nature and nurture?
    • It is human nature to nurture.
    • Identify four agents of socialization.
    • 1. Family
      2. Schools
      3. Peer Group
      4. Mass Media
    • Explain how the Mass Media acts as an agent of socialization.
    • - has a huge impact on socialization in modern, high income societal.
      - the average US child spends as much time watching television and videos as attending school and interacting with parents.
    • identify: use function
    • most sociolgists are not interested in use function
    • identify: life span
    • socially variable construct. ie: age
    • how do sociologist study society?
    • by asking 4 types of questions
      -factual question- what
      -comparative ?- where
      -developmental ?-when
      -theoretical ?-how
    • identify: micro sociology
    • study of everyday behavior in face to face interactions
    • identify: macro
    • the study of large scale systems
    • identify: tearoom trade as sociological imagination
    • Humphrey originally set out to study the people's behavior in public spaces.
      -which led to sexual of men in public bathrooms
      -wrote down liscense plates, followed participants, discovered many were married
      -example of organized dynamics
      -example of deviant behavior
    • is crying babies nature or nurture and how do we know?
    • given that all babies are born the same, observing crying babies in different culture has shown that nurturing is a key factor in the amount a baby cries.
      1) more human contact=less crying=nurture
      2) nurture-the more support for a mother's need=less crying=nurture
    • what are the core dynamics of early development?
    • 1) perception-crying in babies
      2) observation & modeling-copy other babies not don't interact
      3) discipline & regulation-socialization into culture
      4) play-practice their socialization skills with other humans
    • how are the stages of play tied to social learning?
    • bases of socializing humans: with each stage the child is socialized into a culture, gains skills in surviving in that culture by connecting to other humans
    • define agent of socialization
    • the groups within which, or through which socialization occures
    • what are some typical agents of socialization?
    • 1) family: eg-gender
      2) peers: democratic principles, status, eglaterian
      3) formal education-cooling out
      4)media: body image, sexuality
    • define 'life cycle'
    • a culturally variable construct. ie: mid life crisis
    • how is life cycle connected to culture?
    • -is defined by culture eg: youth culture-aging is bad
      -culturally produced
    • what's the connection between micro and macro
    • sociologist study 100% micro and leave the macro to other sciences
    • why are routines activities important to study?
    • Face to face social interactions are a clue into the workings within a culture, eg: language, facial expressions etc
    • define social construction of reality and give an example
    • the process through which facts, knowledge and truth are discovered, made known, reaffirmed or altered by members of society. Garfinkel's "breaching" experiments. language reflects a culture, as language changes, culture changes to accomodate it.
    • what are the stages of play?
    • 1)solitary-master mothering skills-age 1
      2) parellel-babies in the same space will copy each other but don't interact age 2
      3) associative-they start to interact and organize age 3
      4) cooperative-set up rules for playing, collaborate w/ each other-age 4
      5) "generalized other"- learns to master his own role and can take on any of the other roles in socieity- coined by Mead
    • what's a self fulfilling prophecy?
    • an assuption or prediciton that, purely as a result of having been made, causes the expected event to occur and thus confirms the prophecy's own accuracy. ie: i'm going to flunk this test
    • what's incorrigible proposition?
    • a belief that can not be proven wrong and becomes such as part of common sense knowledge that people continue to believe it even in the face of contradictory evidence. ie: magician floating on air, god
    • what's the significance of civil inattention?
    • the process whereby individuals who are in the same physical setting of interaction demonstrate to one another that they are aware of one another, but without being either threatening or over-friendly. ie: being in church, walking down the street
    • what's the significance of anticipatory grooming?
    • non-verbal communication cueing a person ie: scratching your neck, a way to recognize another person, disrupt social interactions, deviant behavior, consequences
    • what are 'spacing zones'?
    • comfortable space between human interaction
      4 levels of body spacing
      intimate zone, personal zone (2-4 ft), social zone (5-12), and public zone
    • what is 'looking glass self'?
    • a person views himself or herself through others' perceptions in society and in turn gains identity. coined by Cooley
    • what are the 3 components of looking glass self
    • There are three main components of the looking-glass self.
      1) We imagine how we must appear to others.
      2) We imagine the judgement of that appearance.
      3) We develop our self through the judgments of others.
    • what's a role?
    • socially defined expectations about behavior that a person in a given status or social position follows; entirely behavioral
    • what's the differnece btwn role conflict and strain?
    • conflict=difficulty in meeting performance expectations of multiple roles
      strain=difficulty in meeting performance expectations of single role
    • relationship btwn role and frame?
    • frame is the setting which a roles plays out. ie: stage would be the frame while the actor is the role
    • prop?
    • objects within a frame that define it. or objects in a physical setting that convey identity
    • how do ppl manage role strain/conflict?
    • by using impression management
    • what is IM?
    • the work indi do to fit or a a role to the expectations of others
      ie: looking good infront of others
      status is attached to IM
    • how is IM connected to the concepts of front room & back room?
    • Front room=convincing some, one of your role, Public image
      back room=convincing initimates of your role--private image, boyfriend, best friend
    • what is a social situation that involves high IM?
    • saying the wrong thing, walking into the theatre late
    • what is embarrassment, what dynamics following embarrassing exchanges?
    • a spontaneous feeling (temporary feeling) experienced when the identity we are presenting is suddenly and unexpectedly discredited in front of others
      Aligning actions (behaviours that seve to restore discredited identties) that follow:
      1) accounts-verbal statements designed to explain behavior
      2) disclaimers-verbal assetions use t forestall any discrediting of one's identity
      3) cooling out-interactions that serve to persuade someone to accept a less social identity (it's not you, it's me)
    • how are accounts and disclaimers different?
    • accounts are a review of past behaviour difficulty in meeting performance expectations of multiple roles, while disclaimer is used to for future actions from discreding one's identity
    • what is cooling out?
    • interactions that serve to persuade someone to accept a less desirable social identity, instead of becoming a dr settle for nurse
    • how is stigma different than embarrassment?
    • stigma can exist as a status and is permanently discredited identity, embarrasment is a feeling,temporaryly discredited identity
    • differnce btwn master status and stigma
    • stigma (generalized and exists outside an individual, ie being blind or obese is a stigma) defines a master status (ms is focused and particular). we use master status to talk about stigmatized indiviuals
    • master status
    • concept of interaction we use to talk about indi to whom stigmatized identities have been successfully applied. it's focused and particular. we use master status to talk about stigma
    • What do sociologists study?
    • study the societal patterns that influence individual and group life. patterns formed face to face interactions
    • Identify "The Sociological Imagination"
    • - Term coined by C. Wright Mills (1916-1962)
      - The ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life
      - Understanding:
      a. The intersection between individual biography and human history.
      b. The link between micro and macro.
      c. Personal (private) troubles and public issues.
    • Identify: sociology
    • The systematic study of human society that focuses on human group life and the institutions that structure a given society.
    • why is sociology a science?
    • it's a soft science, in social sciences borrow from scientific method, use scientic process.
      +++see patterns in human behaviors, culture specific