lecture 40

blood, heart, blood vessels (arteries and veins)

-- transport (o2,co2, nutrients, glucose, protiens, and fats, waste products from metabolic process systems, hormones)
--Protection - blood clotting, one part of inflammation, immune system (convey white blood cells to tissues),
--regulation- fluids, ph, thermoregulation

transport
protection
regulation

Transport
• The blood carries oxygen from the lungs to all of the body’s
tissues, while it picks up carbon dioxide from those tissues
and carries it to the lungs to be removed from the body.It picks up nutrients from the digestive tract and delivers them
to all of the body’s tissues.
• It carries metabolic wastes to the kidneys for removal.
• It carries hormones from endocrine cells to their target cells.
• It transports a variety of stem cells from the bone marrow and
other origins to the tissues where they lodge and mature.
Protection
• The blood plays several roles in inflammation, a mechanism
for limiting the spread of infection.
• White blood cells destroy microorganisms and cancer cells.
• Antibodies and other blood proteins neutralize toxins and
help to destroy pathogens (disease agents).
• Platelets secrete factors that initiate blood clotting and other
processes for minimizing blood loss.
Regulation
• By absorbing or giving off fluid under different conditions,
the blood capillaries help to stabilize fluid distribution in the
body.
• By buffering acids and bases, blood proteins help to stabilize
the pH of the extracellular fluids.
• Shifts in blood flow help to regulate body temperature by
routing blood to the skin for heat loss or retaining blood
deeper in the body for heat retention

- oxygenated blood out to bodys tissues, deoxygenated back to the heart

deoxygenated blood to the lungs, oxygenated blood back to the heart

carry blood away from the heart.
In the case of the pulmonary circuit, there is deoxygenated blood going away from the heart in an artery

return/ carry blood to the heart
In case of pulmonary cir, there is oxygenated blood coming back to the heart in a vein

Fluid Connective tissue
Typical adult - 4-6 liters of blood active in body at any given time

scientific study of blood

approx. 55% of whole blood, like the matrix of the ct, this is approx. it is a measure of someone's health and can vary based on health, sex
---water, na, cl, k, nutrients, waste products (urea, etc), hormones, and **fibrinogen (ex. Of protien in blood plasma) protein imp in blood clotting

(ex. Of protien in blood plasma) protein imp in blood clotting.

Cells and cell fragments. ~45% of whole blood, most of which is RBC. Trace the origins to **pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow.
-erythrocytes - ~45% of whole blood.RBC. Gas transport is main function: this is done by the protein *hemoglobin:( also contains irons.) Which binds oxygen. With discoid shape, anuclear in humans in finals form (lack nuclei and other organelles) - allows them to be small and flexible to get into capillaries. 7 microns in diameter. Lifespan - approx. 120 days.

(formerly
called a hemocytoblast8). PPSCs are so-named because they have
the potential to develop into multiple mature cell types. They multiply
at a relatively slow rate and thus maintain a small population
in the bone marrow.

~45% of whole blood.RBC. Gas transport is main function: this is done by the protein *hemoglobin:( also contains irons.) Which binds oxygen. With discoid shape, anuclear in humans in finals form (lack nuclei and other organelles) - allows them to be small and flexible to get into capillaries. 7 microns in diameter. Lifespan - approx. 120 days.

The red pigment of erythrocytes;
binds and transports about 98.5% of the oxygen
and 5% of the carbon dioxide carried in the
blood.

--some rbcs take on a sickle shape making them unable to convey oxygen and clot in cappillary beds)
Sickle-cell disease is a hereditary hemoglobin defect occurring mostly
among people of African descent; its symptoms occur in about 1.3% of
American blacks, and about 8.3% are asymptomatic carriers with the
potential to pass it to their children. The disease is caused by a defective
gene that results in the substitution of valine for a glutamic acid in each
beta hemoglobin chain. The abnormal hemoglobin (HbS) turns to gel
at low oxygen levels, as when blood passes through the oxygen-hungry
skeletal muscles. The RBCs become elongated, stiffened, and pointed
(sickle-shaped; fig 19.11). These deformed, inflexible cells cannot pass
freely through the tiny blood capillaries, and they tend to adhere to
each other and to the capillary wall. Thus, they congregate in the small
blood vessels and block the circulation. Obstruction of the circulation
produces severe pain and can lead to kidney or heart failure, stroke,
or paralysis, among many other effects. The spleen removes defective
RBCs faster than they can be replaced, thus leading to anemia and poor
physical and mental development of the individual. Without treatment,
a child with sickle-cell disease has little chance of living to age 2, and
even with the best treatment, few victims live to an age of 50.
Sickle-cell disease originated in areas of Africa where millions of lives
are lost to malaria. Malarial parasites normally invade and reproduce in
RBCs, but they cannot survive in RBCs with HbS hemoglobin. Thus the
sickle-cell gene confers resistance to malaria, even in individuals who
are heterozygous for it (carry only one copy of the gene) and do not
have sickle-cell disease. The lives saved by HbS in Africa far outnumber
the deaths from sickle-cell disease, so natural selection favors the persistence
of the gene rather than its elimination. But in North America,
where malaria is not prevalent, the lost lives and suffering caused by the
sickle-cell gene far outweigh any of its benefits.

organ that is part of lymphatic system, one function is to break down old red blood cells(Rbc graveyard)

)-(immune system responses) func is defense against pathogens, or recognize abnormals cells of our own, much work in tissue outside of the blood.
they have organelles and nuclei, and very long lifespan
five types - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

act primarily to combat bacteria,
which they destroy by phagocytosis and
digestion and by producing a killing zone of
toxic oxidizing agents

secrete antiparasitic chemicals
and phagocytize and dispose of allergens,
inflammatory chemicals, and antigen–
antibody complexes

secrete the vasodilator histamine
and the anticoagulant heparin, thus promoting
increased blood flow to inflamed
tissues.

commons leukocyte disease, Disease and really cancers of the white blood cells. Many different classes of this disease
Leukemia is a cancer
characterized by overproduction of WBCs that are functionally immature. It also presents
a high risk of opportunistic infection.
It leads as well to anemia and thrombocytopenia
as stem cells are diverted to WBC
production

transform into a variety of macrophages,
which phagocytize foreign and
host cells and act as antigen-presenting
cells.

carry out nonspecific defense
and specific immune reactions against
cancer and various pathogens. The three
families of lymphocytes—B, T, and NK
cells—differ in function but are not microscopically
distinguishable in blood films

Fragments of lagers cells in bone marrow - anuclear but some organelles in them.
Functions - secrete clotting factors, form platelet plugs, and attract WBC to injuries, dissolve clots

imp in immune response. A couple different varieties.HIV attacks t-cells

Platelets also adhere to the vessel wall and to each other,
forming a sticky mass called a platelet plug. Platelet plugs temporarily
seal breaks in small blood vessels.

when a blood clot forms within a blood vessel, may cut tissue off of oxygen, problems occurs when the clot dislodges and travels to other vital organs and clogs them

clinical app. Ratio of RBC win the whole blood. Good indication of health.

Four chambered pump with valves that helps direct blood flow,bloodentersandexitsthroughgreatvessles

Location - mediastinum. Post to sternum, sup to diaphragm, ant to vertebral bodies of thoracic vert 6-10,