lesson 34

prod and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, stimulates milk synthesis

sec by posterior pituitary gland, prod in hypothalamus. stimulates milk ejection - smooth muscles around alveloi to contract so milk flows. let down response

controls and reg other anatomical systems, through both input and output. through learning we inegrate them.

from within or outside the body. take the input and concert it to a nerve impulse (signal that can be sent to CNS)

brain and spinal cord

processing, interpretation, memory, and decision making, self awareness, ability to empathize with other. the cerebrum is important here

from cns, send nerve impulse to the muscels, skeletal in this case of writing. it can also be smooth muscle, like in nursing baby. if you are nervous it can affect glands and blood vessels. key here is response! response can also be to stop something

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, to include all their branches. sensory and motor divisions of the pns. sensory being input to the cns and motor division being the output

of the sensory division of pns.carries signals of the internal organs or tissues of the body. e.g, heart, liver, stomach, urinary bladder to cns

of the motor division of the pns or the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth
muscle. We usually have no voluntary control over these
effectors, and this system operates at an unconscious level.
The responses of this system and its effectors are visceral
reflexes. The autonomic nervous system has two further
divisions:
• The sympathetic division tends to arouse the body for
action—for example, by accelerating the heartbeat and
increasing respiratory airflow—but it inhibits digestion.
• The parasympathetic division adapts the body for
energy intake and conservation. It stimulates digestion
but slows down the heartbeat and reduces respiratory
airflow, for example.

of the pns. carries signals from
receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints to the cns

of the pns. carries signals to the skeletal
muscles. This output produces muscular contractions that
are under voluntary control, as well as involuntary muscle
contractions called somatic reflexes.

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla oblangata (which transitions into the spinal cord)

region of the brain at the upper region of the brainstem (midbrain), composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

part of the diencephalon.
two ovoid masses. many nuclei - cluster of neural cell bodies and the gateway to the cerebral cortex.
The largest part of the
diencephalon, located immediately inferior to
the corpus callosum and bulging into each lateral
ventricle; a point of synaptic relay of nearly all
signals passing from lower levels of the CNS to
the cerebrum.

a mass of gray matter or group of cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system

part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon. prod and secretes melatonin. makes the pineal gland an endocrine gland having to do with circadian rhythms

role in reg and stim of other endocrine glands. important in regulation of the body's autonomic nervous system. it is located in the region of the floor and walls of the third ventricle of the brain.

a narrow median space inferior to the corpus callosum from there a canal called the cerebral aqueduct passes down the core of
the midbrain and leads to the fourth ventricle, a small triangular
chamber between the pons and cerebellum. carrying cerebrospinal fluid.

connects to inferior hypothalamus by a stalk named the infundibulum of the brain. it is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone of the skull. it has 2 lobes:anterior and posterior.
secretes numerous hormones,
most of which regulate the activities of other
glands
endocrine gland

larger than the post. pit. makes up 3/4 of the pit gland. comm with hypothalamus via a series of blood vessels (called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system)
many hormones from hypthalamus are releasing hormones. e.g, GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone), acts on the ant pit causing it to release hormones such as FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteninzing hormone) that in turn act on the gonads
e.g., thyroid releasing hormone from hypothalamus to ant pit release thyroid stimulating hormones.

smaller than the ant. pit. makes up 1/4 of the pit gland. comm with the hypothalamus via a series of axons.(called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract). hormones in hypothalamus travel via axons of nerves to post pit and there they are stored and released when needed. e.g, oxytocin - prod in hypothalamus and stored/released by post pit

one of four main tissue types in the body, most complex and varying

nerve cells. highly variable.
function - comm

support, nourish, and protect neurons.

e.g., retina. Rods and cones synapse with the dendrites of
bipolar neurons, the first-order neurons of the visual pathway.
These, in turn, feed directly or indirectly into the ganglion
cells
have one axon and one dendrite. Examples
include olfactory cells of the nasal cavity, some neurons of the
retina, and sensory neurons of the inner ear

e.g., spinal motor neuron
are those, like the preceding, that have
one axon and two or more (usually many) dendrites. This is
the most common type of neuron and includes most neurons
of the brain and spinal cord

Process of a neuron that receives
information from other cells or from
environmental stimuli and conducts signals to
the soma. Dendrites are usually shorter, more branched, and more numerous than the axon
and are incapable of producing action potentials.

The main part of a cell, especially a
neuron, where the nucleus is located; also called
the soma.

A process of a neuron that conducts action
potentials away from the soma; also called a nerve
fi ber. There is only one axon to a neuron, and it
is usually much longer and much less branched
than the dendrites.

The axon hillock and
nearby portion of the axon (initial segment) are collectively called
the trigger zone, because this is where the neuron first generates action
potentials—electrical changes that constitute the nerve signal

On one side of the soma is a mound called the axon hillock,
from which the axon (nerve fiber) originates

This spiral wrapping, called the
myelin sheath, insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular
fluid and speeds up signal conduction in the nerve fiber

Consequently, the myelin sheath
is segmented. The gaps between the segments are called nodes of
Ranvier21 (RON-vee-AY), and the myelin-covered segments from
one gap to the next are called internodes. The internodes are about
0.2 to 1.0 mm long.

A rapid voltage change in which
a plasma membrane briefl y reverses electrical
polarity; has a self-propagating effect that
produces a traveling wave of excitation in nerve
and muscle cells.

functional junction between a neuron and another neuron or other issue.

A molecule, cell, or organ that carries out a
response to a stimulus

When a presynaptic axon ends at the dendrite of a
postsynaptic neuron, the two cells are said to form an axodendritic
synapse.

Pertaining to a neuron that transmits
signals to a synapse

A narrow space between the synaptic
knob of an axon and the adjacent cell, across
which a neurotransmitter diffuses

The swollen tip at the distal end
of an axon; the site of synaptic vesicles and
neurotransmitter release

A spheroid organelle in a synaptic
knob; contains neurotransmitter

Pertaining to a neuron or other cell
that receives signals from the presynaptic neuron
at a synapse.

A chemical released at the distal
end of an axon that stimulates an adjacent cell;
for example, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and
serotonin.

is a membrane receptor protein

information processing

oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
astrocytes
satellite cells
microglia
ependymal cells

glial cells that make myelin sheaths in cns

prod neurolemma and myelin in PNS

give supportive framework, most numerous type of glial cell, they are link between blood vessels and brain, really imp in blood brain barrier. CNS.
nourishment of
neurons, homeostatic maintenance of the
extracellular fluid, and repair of damaged
CNS tissue

like astrocytes in PNS - nourishment of
neurons, homeostatic maintenance of the
extracellular fluid, and repair of damaged PNS tissue

macrophages of CNS

which line the internal
cavities of the CNS and produce cerebrospinal
fluid);

A barrier between the
bloodstream and nervous tissue of the brain that
is impermeable to many blood solutes and thus
prevents them from affecting the brain tissue;
formed by the tight junctions between capillary
endothelial cells, the basement membrane of the
endothelium, and the perivascular feet of astrocytes.

A liquid that fi lls the
ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the
spinal cord, and the space between the CNS and
dura mater