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416 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classic findings: Actinic keratosis
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Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma
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Classic findings: Albright's syndrome
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Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls
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Classic findings: Albuminocytologic dissociation
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Guillain-Barre (inc'd protein in CSF with only modest inc in cell count)
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Classic findings: Alport's syndrome
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Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness
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Classic findings: Anti-basement membrane antibodies
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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Classic findings: Anticentromere antibodies
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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Classic findings: Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies)
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SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
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Classic findings: Anti-epithelial cell antibodies
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Classic findings: Antigliadin antibodies
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Celiac disease
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Classic findings: Antihistone antibodies
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Drug-induced SLE
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Classic findings: Anti-IgG antibodies
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Classic findings: Antimitochondrial antibodies
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Primary biliary cirrhosis
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Classic findings: Antineutrophil antibodies
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Vasculitis
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Classic findings: Antiplatelet antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) aka Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
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Classic findings: Arachnodactyly
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Marfan's syndrome
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Classic findings: Argyll Robertson pupil
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Neurosyphilis
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Classic findings: Arnold-Chiari malformation
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Cerebellar tonsillar herniation (Type 2 causes hydrocephalus, syringomyelia)
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Classic findings: Aschoff bodies
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Rheumatic fever
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Classic findings: Auer rods
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Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type)
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Classic findings: Autosplenectomy
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Sickle cell anemia
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Classic findings: Baker's cyst in popliteal fossa
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Classic findings: Bartter's syndrome
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Hyperreninemia
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Classic findings: Basophilic stippling on RBCs
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Lead poisoning
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Classic findings: Becker's muscular dystrophy
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Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's
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Classic findings: Bell's palsy
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LMN CN VII palsy (affects upper and lower face)
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Classic findings: Bence Jones proteins
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Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
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Classic findings: Berger's disease
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IgA nephropathy
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Classic findings: Bernard-Soulier disease
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Defect in platelet adhesion
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Classic findings: Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
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Sarcoidosis
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Classic findings: Birbeck granules on EM (tennis racket shape)
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Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma)
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Classic findings: Bloody tap on LP
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Classic findings: Blue-domed cysts
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Fibrocystic change of the breast
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Classic findings: Blue sclera
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Classic findings: Bouchard's nodes
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Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling secondary to osteophytes)
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Classic findings: Boutonniere deformity
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Classic findings: Branching rods in oral infection
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Actinomyces israelii
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Classic findings: Bruton's disease
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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Classic findings: Budd-Chiari syndrome
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Posthepatic venous thrombosis
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Classic findings: Buerger's disease
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Small/medium-artery vasculitis with gangrene, caused by smoking (thromboangiitis obliterans)
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Classic findings: Burton's lines
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Lead poisoning
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Classic findings: c-ANCA
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Wegener's granulomatosis
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Classic findings: Cafe-au-lait spots on skin
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Neurofibromatosis
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Classic findings: Caisson disease
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Gas emboli
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Classic findings: Calf pseudohypertrophy
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Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
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Classic findings: Call-Exner bodies
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Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary
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Classic findings: Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
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Chaga's disease
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Classic findings: Cerebriform nuclei
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Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
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Classic findings: Chancre
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Primary syphilis (not painful)
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Classic findings: Chancroid
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Haemophilus ducreyi (painful)
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Classic findings: Charcot's triad (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
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Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech)
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Classic findings: Charcot-Leyden crystals
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Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes)
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Classic findings: Chediak-Higashi disease
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Phagocyte deficiency
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Classic findings: Cherry-red spot on macula
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Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion
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Classic findings: Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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Central apnea in CHF and inc'd intracranial pressure
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Classic findings: Chronic atrophic gastritis
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Predisposition to gastric carcinoma
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Classic findings: Chvostek's sign
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Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping)
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Classic findings: Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
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DES exposure in utero
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Classic findings: Clue cells
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Gardnerella vaginitis
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Classic findings: Codman's triangle on x-ray
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Osteosarcoma
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Classic findings: Cold agglutinins
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis
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Classic findings: Cold intolerance
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Hypothyroidism
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Classic findings: Condylomata lata
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Secondary syphilis
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Classic findings: Cotton-wool spots
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Chronic hypertension (eye)
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Classic findings: Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever
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Measles
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Classic findings: Councilman bodies
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Hepatitis
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Classic findings: Cowdry type A bodies
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Herpesvirus
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Classic findings: Crescents in Bowman's capsule
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Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis
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Classic findings: Crigler-Najjar syndrome
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Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Classic findings: Curling's ulcer
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
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Classic findings: Currant-jelly sputum
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Klebsiella
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Classic findings: Curschmann's spirals
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Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs)
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Classic findings: Cushing's ulcer
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
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Classic findings: D-dimers
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DIC
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Classic findings: Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder--rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
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Classic findings: Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency)
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Classic findings: Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos + lesions of skull
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Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
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Classic findings: Dog or cat bite
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Pasteurella multocida
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Classic findings: Donovan bodies
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Granuloma inguinale
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Classic findings: Dressler's syndrome
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Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis
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Classic findings: Dubin-Johnson syndrome
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Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
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Classic findings: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
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Deleted dystrophyn gene (X-linked recessive)
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Classic findings: Eburnation
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Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)
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Classic findings: Edwards' syndrome
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Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease
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Classic findings: Eisenmenger's complex
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Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L-->R shunt becomes R-->L shunt)
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Classic findings: Elastic skin
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
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Classic findings: Erythema chronicum migrans
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Lyme disease
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Classic findings: Fanconi's syndrome
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Proximal tubular reabsorption defect
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Classic findings: Fatty liver
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Alcoholism
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Classic findings: Ferruginous bodies
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Asbestosis
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Classic findings: Gardner's syndrome
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Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors
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Classic findings: Gaucher's disease
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Glucocerebrosidase deficiency
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Classic findings: Ghon focus
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Primary TB
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Classic findings: Gilbert's syndrome
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Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Classic findings: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
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Defect in platelet aggregation
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Classic findings: Goodpasture's syndrome
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Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins
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Classic findings: Gower's maneuver
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Duchenne's (use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off the floor)
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Classic findings: Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Idiopathic polyneuritis
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Classic findings: Hand-Schuller-Christian disease
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Chronic progressive histiocytosis
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Classic findings: HbF
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Thalassemia major
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Classic findings: HbS
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Sickle cell anemia
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Classic findings: hCG elevated
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Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
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Classic findings: Heberden's nodes
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Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling secondary to osteophytes)
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Classic findings: Heinz bodies
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G6PD deficiency
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Classic findings: Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs
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Classic findings: Heterophil antibodies
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Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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Classic findings: High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)
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Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
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Classic findings: HLA-B27
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Reiter's syndrome, anklyosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis
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Classic findings: HLA-DR3 or -DR4
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Diabetes mellitus type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of B cells)
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Classic findings: Homer Wright rosettes
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Neuroblastoma
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Classic findings: Honeycomb lung on x-ray
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Interstitial fibrosis
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Classic findings: Horner's syndrome
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Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis
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Classic findings: Howell-Jolly bodies
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Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen)
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Classic findings: Huntington's disease
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Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant)
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Classic findings: Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala)
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Classic findings: Hyperpigmentation of skin
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Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
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Classic findings: Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Macrocytic anemia
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Classic findings: Hypertension + hypokalemia
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Conn's syndrome
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Classic findings: Hypochromic microcytosis
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Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning
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Classic findings: Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
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Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
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Classic findings: Increased uric acid levels
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Gout, Lesch-Nyhand syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics
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Classic findings: Intussusception
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Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's patches)
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Classic findings: Janeway lesions
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Endocarditis
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Classic findings: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
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Syphilis--overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis
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Classic findings: Job's syndrome
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Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality
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Classic findings: Kaposi's sarcoma
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AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men)
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Classic findings: Kartagener's syndrome
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Dynein defect
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Classic findings: Kayser-Fleischer rings
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Wilson's disease
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Classic findings: Keratin pearls
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Classic findings: Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules
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Diabetic nephropathy
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Classic findings: Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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Bilateral amygdala lesions
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Classic findings: Koilocytes
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HPV
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Classic findings: Koplik spots
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Measles
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Classic findings: Krukenberg tumor
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Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases
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Classic findings: Kussmaul hyperpnea
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Diabetic ketoacidosis
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Classic findings: Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility
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Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin deficit)
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Classic findings: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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HGPRT deficiency
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Classic findings: Lewy bodies
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Parkinson's disease
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Classic findings: Libman-Sacks disease
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Endocarditis associated with SLE
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Classic findings: Lines of Zhan
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Arterial thrombus
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Classic findings: Lisch nodules
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Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
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Classic findings: Low serum ceruloplasmin
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Wilson's disease
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Classic findings: Lucid interval
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Epidural hematoma
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Classic findings: Lytic bone lesions on x-ray
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Multiple myeloma
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Classic findings: Mallory bodies
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Alcoholic liver disease
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Classic findings: Mallory-Weiss syndrome
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Esophagogastric lacerations
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Classic findings: Deep tenderness 2/3 from umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine
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Appendicitis (McBurney sign)
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Classic findings: MLF snydrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia)
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Multiple sclerosis
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Classic findings: Monoclonal antibody spike of IgM
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Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
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Classic findings: Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and glomerular disease)
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Classic findings: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
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Gout
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Classic findings: Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss
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Alport's syndrome
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Classic findings: Neurofibrillary tangles
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Alzheimer's disease
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Classic findings: No lactation postpartum
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Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
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Classic findings: Nutmeg liver
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CHF
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Classic findings: Occupational exposure to asbestos
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Malignant mesothelioma
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Classic findings: Osler's nodes
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Endocarditis (raised red lesions on palms & soles)
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Classic findings: Owl's eye
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CMV
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Classic findings: Painless jaundice
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Pancreatic cancer (head)
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Classic findings: Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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Classic findings: Pancoast's tumor
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Bronchogenic apical tumor assocaited with Horner's syndrome
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Classic findings: Pannus
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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Classic findings: Parkinson's disease
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Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion
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Classic findings: Periosteal elevation on x-ray
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Pyogenic osteomyelitis
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Classic findings: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
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Benign polyposis
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Classic findings: Peyronie's disease
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Penile fibrosis
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Classic findings: Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl)
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CML (may sometimes be associated with AML)
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Classic findings: Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia
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Classic findings: Podagra
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Gout (MP joint of hallux)
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Classic findings: Podocyte fusion
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Minimal change disease
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Classic findings: Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema
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Dry beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)
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Classic findings: Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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Classic findings: Pompe's disease
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Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly
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Classic findings: Port-wine stain
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Hemangioma
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Classic findings: Pott's disease
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Vertebral tuberculosis
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Classic findings: Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement
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Glioblastoma multiforme
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Classic findings: Pseudorosettes
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Ewing's sarcoma
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Classic findings: Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor)
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Classic findings: Rash on palms and soles
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Secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Classic findings: Raynaud's syndrome
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Recurrent vasospasm in extremities
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Classic findings: RBC casts in urine
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Acute glomerulonephritis
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Classic findings: Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections
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Cystic fibrosis
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Classic findings: Red urine in the morning
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Classic findings: Reid index (increased)
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Chronic bronchitis
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Classic findings: Reinke crystals
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Leydig cell tumor
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Classic findings: Reiter's syndrome
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Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis
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Classic findings: Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas
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von Hippel-Lindau disease
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Classic findings: Renal epithelial casts in urine
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Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
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Classic findings: Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
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Pseudogout
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Classic findings: Rib notching
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Coarctation of aorta
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Classic findings: Roth's spots in retina
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Endocarditis
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Classic findings: Rotor's syndrome
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Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Classic findings: Rouleaux formation (RBCs)
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Multiple myeloma (due to high plasma protein)
|
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Classic findings: S3
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Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF)<br><br>(hi volume sound) - threes a crowd<br>
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Classic findings: S4
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Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis<br><br>(stiff ventricle sound) - four score
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Classic findings: Schiller-Duval bodies
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Yolk sac tumor
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Classic findings: Senile plaques
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Alzheimer's disease
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|
Classic findings: Sezary syndrome
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Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
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|
Classic findings: Shwartzman reaction (thrombosis and necrosis at delivery)
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Neisseria meningitidis
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|
Classic findings: Signet-ring cells
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Gastric carcinoma
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|
Classic findings: Simian crease
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Down syndrome
|
|
Classic findings: Sipple's syndrome
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MEN type IIa - Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumor
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|
Classic findings: Sjogren's syndrome
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
|
|
Classic findings: Skip lesions
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Crohn's
|
|
Classic findings: Slapped cheeks
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Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) - Parvovirus B19
|
|
Classic findings: Smith antigen
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SLE
|
|
Classic findings: Soap bubble on x-ray
|
Giant cell tumor of bone = osteoclastoma
|
|
Classic findings: Spike and dome on EM
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Membranous golmerulonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: Spitz nevus
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Benign juvenile melanoma
|
|
Classic findings: Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
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Endocarditis
|
|
Classic findings: Starry-sky pattern
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Burkitt's lymphoma
|
|
Classic findings: Streaky ovaries
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Turner's syndrome
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|
Classic findings: String sign on x-ray
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Crohn's disease
|
|
Classic findings: Subepithelial humps on EM
|
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: Suboccipital lymphadenopathy
|
Rubella
|
|
Classic findings: Sulfur granules
|
Actinomyces israelii
|
|
Classic findings: Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia
|
Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)--vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
|
|
Classic findings: Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
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Aortic valve stenosis
|
|
Classic findings: t(8;14)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
|
|
Classic findings: t(9;22)
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Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
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|
Classic findings: t(14;18)
|
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
|
|
Classic findings: Tendon xanthomas (clasically Achilles)
|
Familial hypercholesterolemia
|
|
Classic findings: Thumb sign on lateral x-ray
|
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
|
|
Classic findings: Thyroidization of kidney
|
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: Trousseau's sign
|
Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm)
|
|
Classic findings: Virchow's node
|
Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach
|
|
Classic findings: Virchow's triad
|
PE triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation
|
|
Classic findings: von Recklinghausen's disease
|
Neurofibromatosis with cafe-au-lait spots
|
|
Classic findings: Wallenberg's syndrome
|
PICA thrombosis
|
|
Classic findings: Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
|
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia
|
|
Classic findings: Waxy casts
|
Chronic end-stage renal disease
|
|
Classic findings: WBC casts in urine
|
Acute pyelonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: WBCs in urine
|
Acute cystitis
|
|
Classic findings: Wermer's syndrome
|
MEN I - Pancreatic (Zollinger-Ellison, insulinoma, VIPoma), pheochromocytoma, parathyroid tumors.
|
|
Classic findings: Whipple's disease
|
Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii
|
|
Classic findings: Wilson's disease
|
Hepatolenticular degeneration
|
|
Classic findings: Xanthochromia (CSF)
|
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
|
|
Classic findings: Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca
|
Sjogren's syndrome
|
|
Classic findings: Zenker's diverticulum
|
Upper GI diverticulum
|
|
Classic findings: Bamboo spine on x-ray
|
Ankylosing spondylitis
|
|
Classic findings: Blue bloater
|
Chronic bronchitis
|
|
Classic findings: Brown tumor of bone
|
Hemorrhage cuases brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinhgausen's disease)
|
|
Classic findings: Burkitt's lymphoma
|
8:14 translocation; associated with EBV; starry sky appearance on histology
|
|
Classic findings: Chocolate cysts
|
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
|
|
Classic findings: Erb-Duchenne palsy
|
Superior trunk (C5-C6) brachial plexus injury (waiter's tip)
|
|
Classic findings: Fat, female, forty, and fertile
|
Acute cholecystitis
|
|
Classic findings: Hair-on-end (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
|
B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
|
|
Classic findings: Lumpy-bumpy appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
|
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: Orphan Annie nuclei
|
Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
|
|
Classic findings: Pink puffer
|
Emphysema (centroacinar - smoking, panacinar -> a1-antitrypsin deficiency)
|
|
Classic findings: Positive anterior drawer sign
|
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
|
|
Classic findings: Smudge cell
|
CLL
|
|
Classic findings: Strawberry tongue
|
Scarlet fever
|
|
Classic findings: Tram-track appearance on LM
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
Classic findings: von Recklinghausen's disease of the bone
|
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (''brown tumor'')
|
|
Classic findings: Wire loop apperance on LM
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
Classic findings: Worst headache of my life
|
Berry aneurysm--subarachnoid
|
|
Equation review: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
|
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 ..... p + q = 1
|
|
Equation review: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
|
pH = pKa + log [HCO3-] / 0.03 PCO2
|
|
Equation review: Volume of distribution
|
Vd = amount of drug in the body / plasma drug concentration
|
|
Equation review: Clearance
|
CL = rate of elimination of drug / plasma drug concentration
|
|
Equation review: Half-life
|
t(1/2) = (0.7 x Vd) / CL
|
|
Equation review: Loading dose
|
LD = Cp x (Vd / F)
|
|
Equation review: Maintenance dose
|
MD = Cp x (CL / F)
|
|
Equation review: Cardiac output
|
CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 content - venous O2 content) = stroke volume x heart rate
|
|
Equation review: Stroke volume
|
SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
|
|
Equation review: Ejection fraction
|
EF = (stroke volume / end diastolic volume) x 100
|
|
Equation review: Resistance
|
R = driving pressure / flow = [8n (viscosity) x length] / (pi)(r^4)
|
|
Equation review: Net filtration pressure
|
Pnet = [(Pc - Pi) - ((pi)c - (pi)i)[
|
|
Equation review: Glomerular filtration rate
|
GFR = U(insulin) x [V / P(insulin)] = CL(inulin) = Kf [(P(GC) - P(BS)) - (pi(GC) - pi(BS))]
|
|
Equation review: Mean arterial pressure
|
MAP = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance = (1/3) systolic + (2/3) diastolic
|
|
Equation review: Effective renal plasma flow
|
ERPF = U(PAH) x (V / P(PAH)) = CL(PAH)
|
|
Equation review: Renal blood flow
|
RBF = RPF / (1 - Hct)
|
|
Equation review: Filtration fraction
|
FF = (GFR / RPF)
|
|
Equation review: Free water clearance
|
CL(H2O) = V - CL(osm)
|
|
Equation review: Physiologic dead space
|
V(D) = V(D) x [Pa(CO2) - Pe(CO2)] / Pa(CO2)
|
|
Most common: Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA)
|
S. aureus
|
|
Most common: Bacteria associated with cancer
|
H. pylori
|
|
Most common: Bacteria found in GI tract
|
Bacteroides (2nd most common is E. coli)
|
|
Most common: Brain tumor (adults)
|
Mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
|
|
Most common: Brain tumor (kids)
|
Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
|
|
Most common: Brain tumor--supratentorial (kids)
|
Craniopharyngioma
|
|
Most common: Breast cancer
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
|
|
Most common: Breast mass in premonopausal woman
|
Fibrocystic change
|
|
Most common: Breast tumor (benign)
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
Most common: Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient
|
Klebsiella
|
|
Most common: Cardiac primary tumor (kids)
|
Rhabdomyoma
|
|
Most common: Cardiac tumor (adults)
|
Mets
|
|
Most common: Cardiomyopathy
|
Dilated cardiomyopathy
|
|
Most common: Chromosomal disorder
|
Down syndrome (associated with ALL, Alzheimer's dementia, and endocardial cushion defects)
|
|
Most common: Chronic arrhythmia
|
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
|
|
Most common: Congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
Most common: Constrictive pericarditis
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
Most common: Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD > RCA > LCA
|
|
Most common: Cyanosis (early; less common)
|
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
|
|
Most common: Cyanosis (late; more common)
|
VSD, ASD, PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
|
|
Most common: Epiglottitis
|
Haemophilus influenzae type B
|
|
Most common: Esophageal cancer
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Gene involved in cancer
|
p53 tumor suppressor gene
|
|
Most common: Group affected by cystic fibrosis
|
Caucasians (fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/lung infections)
|
|
Most common: Gynecologic malignancy
|
Endometrial carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Heart murmur
|
Mitral valve prolapse
|
|
Most common: Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
|
Mitral
|
|
Most common: Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA
|
Tricuspid
|
|
Most common: Heart valve (rheumatic fever)
|
Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd)
|
|
Most common: Helminth infection (US)
|
Enterobius vermicularis (Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most common)
|
|
Most common: Hereditary bleeding disorder
|
von Willebrand's
|
|
Most common: Kidney stones
|
Calcium = radiopaque (2nd most common is ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
|
|
Most common: Liver disease
|
Alcoholic liver disease
|
|
Most common: Location of brain tumors (adults)
|
Supratentorial
|
|
Most common: Location of brain tumors (kids)
|
Infratentorial
|
|
Most common: Male cancer
|
Prostatic carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkin's disease
|
|
Most common: Malignant skin tumor
|
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
|
|
Most common: Mets to bone
|
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
|
|
Most common: Mets to brain
|
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
|
|
Most common: Mets to liver
|
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
|
|
Most common: Neoplasm (kids)
|
ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar medulloblastoma)
|
|
Most common: Nephrotic syndrome
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
Most common: Opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
|
|
Most common: Organ receiving mets
|
Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply)
|
|
Most common: Organ sending mets
|
Lung > breast, stomach
|
|
Most common: Ovarian tumor (benign)
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
Most common: Ovarian tumor (malignant)
|
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
Most common: Pancreatic tumor
|
Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)
|
|
Most common: Patient with ALL
|
child<br><br><img src="cbdc03c615bc2e2c0f6e22734f1bd16e.jpg" />
|
|
Most common: Patient with Hodgkin's
|
Young male (except nodular sclerosis type = female)
|
|
Most common: Preventable cancer
|
Lung cancer
|
|
Most common: Primary bone tumor (adults)
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
Most common: Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then carcinoma)
|
|
Most common: Primary liver tumor
|
Hepatoma
|
|
Most common: Renal tumor
|
Renal cell carcinoma--associated with von Hippel-Lindau and acquired polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
|
|
Most common: Secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure
|
|
Most common: STD
|
Chlamydia
|
|
Most common: Site of diverticula
|
Sigmoid colon
|
|
Most common: Site of metastasis
|
Regional lymph nodes
|
|
Most common: Site of metastasis (2nd most common)
|
Liver
|
|
Most common: Sites of atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
|
|
Most common: Skin cancer
|
Basal cell carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Stomach cancer
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
Most common: Testicular tumor
|
Seminoma
|
|
Most common: Thyroid cancer
|
Papillary carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Tracheoesophageal fistula
|
Lower esophagus joins trachea/upper esophagus--blind pouch
|
|
Most common: Tumor in men
|
Prostate carcinoma
|
|
Most common: Tumor in women
|
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
|
|
Most common: Tumor of infancy
|
Hemangioma
|
|
Most common: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
|
Pheochromocytoma (benign)
|
|
Most common: Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
|
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
|
|
Most common: Type of Hodgkin's
|
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
|
|
Most common: Type of non-Hodgkin's
|
Follicular, small cleaved
|
|
Most common: Vasculitis
|
Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery)
|
|
Most common: Viral encephalitis
|
HSV
|
|
Most common: Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
|
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply)
|
|
Most common: Cardiac primary tumor (adults)
|
Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; ball and valve)
|
|
Most common: Pituitary tumor
|
Prolactinoma (2nd--somatotropic acidophilic adenoma)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Addison's
|
Autoimmune (infection is the 2nd most common cause)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Aneurysm, dissecting
|
Hypertension
|
|
Most frequent causes: Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
|
Atherosclerosis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Aortic aneurysm, ascending
|
Tertiary syphilis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Bacterial meningitis (adults)
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
Most frequent causes: Bacterial meningitis (elderly)
|
S. pneumoniae
|
|
Most frequent causes: Bacterial meningitis (kids)
|
S. pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Bacterial meningitis (newborns)
|
Group B streptococcus
|
|
Most frequent causes: Cancer associated with AIDS
|
Kaposi's sarcoma
|
|
Most frequent causes: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
Most frequent causes: Cushing's syndrome
|
Corticosteroid therapy (2nd most common cause is excess ACTH secretion by pituitary)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Death in CML
|
Blast crisis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Death in SLE
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
Most frequent causes: Dementia
|
Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi-infarct)
|
|
Most frequent causes: DIC
|
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
|
|
Most frequent causes: Ejection click
|
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Food poisoning
|
S. aureus
|
|
Most frequent causes: Glomerulonephritis (adults)
|
IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hematoma--epidural
|
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (arterial bleeding is fast)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hematoma--subdural
|
Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; venous bleeding is slow)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hemochromatosis
|
Multiple blood transfusions (can results in CHF and inc'd risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hepatic cirrhosis
|
EtOH
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hypertension, secondary
|
Renal disease
|
|
Most frequent causes: Hypoparathyroidism
|
Thyroidectomy
|
|
Most frequent causes: Infection in blood transfusion
|
Hepatitis C
|
|
Most frequent causes: Infection in burn victims
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
Most frequent causes: Leukemia (adults)
|
AML
|
|
Most frequent causes: Mental retardation
|
Down syndrome (fragile X is the 2nd most common cause)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
Most frequent causes: Myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B
|
|
Most frequent causes: Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
|
Membranous glomerulonephritis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
|
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Opening snap
|
Mitral stenosis
|
|
Most frequent causes: Osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
Most frequent causes: Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease
|
Salmonella
|
|
Most frequent causes: Osteomyelitis with IVDA
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
Most frequent causes: Pancreatitis (acute)
|
EtOH and gallstones
|
|
Most frequent causes: Pancreatitis (chronic)
|
EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
|
|
Most frequent causes: PID
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Pneumonia, hospital-acquired
|
Klebsiella
|
|
Most frequent causes: Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
Most frequent causes: Preventable blindness
|
Chlamydia
|
|
Most frequent causes: Primary amenorrhea
|
Turner's (XO)
|
|
Most frequent causes: Primary hyperaldosteronism
|
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
|
Most frequent causes: Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
Adenoma
|
|
Most frequent causes: Pulmonary hypertension
|
COPD
|
|
Definition: Cor Pulmonale
|
Right heart failure due to high pulmonary hypertension
|
|
Most frequent causes: Right-sided heart failure
|
Left-sided heart failure
|
|
Most frequent causes: Sheehan's syndrome
|
Postpartum pituitary infarction secondary to hemorrhage
|
|
Most frequent causes: SIADH
|
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
Most frequent causes: UTI
|
E. coli
|
|
Most frequent causes: UTI (young women)
|
E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
|
Most frequent causes: Cretinism
|
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
|
|
How to open/close a PDA
|
Open: Misoprostol<br />Close: Indomethacin
|
|
Most common: Patient with CLL
|
adult > 60
|
|
Most common: Patient with AML
|
adult > 60
|
|
Most common: Patient with CML
|
adult 35-60
|
|
Most common: Breast mass in postmenopausal woman
|
Cancer
|
|
Classic findings: Monoclonal antibody spike of IgG or IgA
|
Multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
|
|
Classic findings: Charcot's triad (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever)
|
cholangitis
|
