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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Morphology
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the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context
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Affix
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A bound morpheme that attaches to a root or stem
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sub-terrain entertainments |
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Prefix and Suffix
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The most common type of affixes in the world's languages.
Prefix is inserted into the front of the stem. Suffix is inserted into the back of the stem. |
Prefix: "un-" in undo Suffix: "-tion" in acquisition |
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Infix
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Less common type of affixes.
Infix is inserted in within a stem. |
"Abso-Bleedin'-Lutely" (Quincy Jones, song in the film Walk, Don't Run, 1966) |
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Stem
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A morpheme: the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.
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"fix" in "infix" |
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Morpheme
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the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function.
The smallest meaningful unit of language |
"paint" in "painted" |
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Reduplication
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A morphological process by which a MORPHEME or part of a morpheme is repeated, creating a word with a different meaning or lexical category.
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Mandarin Chinese: "sanbu" = to walk "sansanbu" = to take a leisure walk" Duplicating the first word "san" in "sanbu" to create the second word. (English's "very, very tired" is not duplication--it's simply repetition as it doesn't create a new word). |
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Portmanteau word
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A word combining more than one MORPHEME in such a way that the morpheme cannot be separated into distinct sets of phonological segments. Sometimes used to refer to a word combining parts of other words (BLEND)
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smog = smoke + fog Zanesssa = Zac + Vanessa |
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Blend
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A word combining more than one MORPHEME in such a way that the morpheme cannot be separated into distinct sets of phonological segments. Sometimes used to refer to a word combining parts of other words.
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smog = smoke + fog Zanesssa = Zac + Vanessa |
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Compound
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2 or more nouns, combining into 1 single noun.
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Schoolteacher = school + teacher. Grapefruit = grape + fruit runaway = run + away |
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Shortening/ Clipping
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Shortening/ Clipping of a word.
Needs not be morphemes in the full expression. The first word or the last word is shorten, the other part is retained. includes: acronyms, initialism, and blends. |
"indie" for independent film. "feds" for federal. |
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Acronyms
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Shortening in which the initial letters of the words in an expression are joined and pronounced as a word.
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NATO NASA WI-FI |
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Initialism
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Shortening. Resembles ACRONYMS, but pronounced as a sequence of letters.
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U-S-C "University of Southern California" U-C "University of California" (not as a word "UC" |
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Productivity
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the ability to generate and comprehend an infinite number of sentences by relying on a language's ability to combine and recombine a relatively small number of structures into sentences.
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Back Formation
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Type of word formation.
Transformation from NOUN to VERB. |
"pronunciation" --> "pronunciate" "editor" --> "edit" "typewrite" (v) has BACKFORMED from the noun word "typewriter" "Backformed" has backformed from the noun "back formation" |
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Conversion/ Functional shift
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conversion of a word to another lexical category without any changes to the form of the word.
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to update & an update. an email & to email. a bookmark & to bookmark |
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Semantic Shift
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Words can take on new meanings by extending or shrinking the scope of their reference.
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dove = literally as an animal dove. dove = symbolizing peace. bookmark = now used as a term on internet. |
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Phoneme
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A distinctive structural element in the sound system of a language.
A phoneme is an abstract element (defined by a set of phonological features) that can have alternative manifestations (called ALLOPHONES) in different phonological environments. |
/p/ (phonome) has several allophones (occurring in different phonological environment) aspirated [p^h], unreleased [p], and unaspirated [p]. |
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Phonetics
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the study of sounds made in the production of human speech.
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Contrast
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Contrast amongst sounds.
Difference in sounds, resulting in different meanings entirely. |
"Very" and "Fery" Different in 1 sound "v" and "f," resulting in different meanings of the words entirely. (they are contrasting sounds --more importantly contrasting in only 1 sound, thus they are MINIMAL PAIRS) |
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Minimal Pairs
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Difference in 1 sound, thus giving the 2 words an entirely different meanings.
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"very" and "fery" -different phonemes because they contrast in 1 sound, thus are minimal pairs. |
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Allophone
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Manifestations of a phoneme.
Occur in distinct environments. |
Phoneme /t/ Allophones of /t/ = aspirated [t^h], [t], and [d] (in le[d]er "letter") |
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Complementary distribution
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How one can predict in which environment an allophone will be used.
Different allophones of the same phoneme are contrasting and in complementary distribution because each has distinct uses and occurs in different situations/environments. The allophones of the same phoneme won't occur in the same situation/type of word. |
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Overlapping distribution
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Distribution of sounds that overlap each other. This means that the 2 (or more) sounds are from different phonemes (allophones of different phonemes).
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Elsewhere case
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Elsewhere case of an allophone appears everywhere. Simple and fundamental allophone that gets used a lot, thus able to see this case in a lot of environments.
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Underlying form
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Phonetic representation of a word.
This is how people store the word in their minds. The form of a morpheme that is stored in the internalized lexicon, before any applications of the phonological rules of languages are applied. Phoneme is an underlined form. |
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Surface form
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A word's actual pronunciation; generated by the application of the phonological rules of a language to the underlying form.
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Natural class
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A set of speech sounds that can all be characterized by one or few phonological features and that includes all the sounds of a given language that are characterized by those phonological features.
A group of sounds that share 1 or more articulating properties. |
[p], [k], and [t] are Natural classes (stops) |
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Environment
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the situation in which certain allophone occurs.
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obligatory rule
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Every speaker must apply this rule.
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Optional rule
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The speaker can choose to apply this phonological rule or not.
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Insertion phonological rule. (how one pronounces the word "dance"--> "daents") Also, deletion and assimilation phonological rules. |
