Localization in Neurology

1) Weakness/paralysis
2) Hypotonia
3) Hyporeflexia
4) Atrophy of muscles
5) Fasciculations

1) Weakness/paralysis
2) Hypertonia
3) Hyperreflexia
4) Abnormal reflexes (Babinski)

Balance
Eye movements

muscle tone, adjusts ongoing movements

coordination of skilled movements

1) Lesion is between red nucleus and vestibular nucleus
2) Upper and Lower extremity extension and internal rotation
3) Release of inhibition and loss of flexor (rubrospinal) tone

1) Supratentorial lesion
2) Upper extremity flexion/adduction
3) Lower extremity extension, internal rotation
4) Due to loss of input from the cortex

"Spinal Shock"
1) Complete paralysis and anasthesia below the lesion
2) Temporary areflexia

1) Complete paralysis and anasthesia below the lesion
2) Hyperreflexia (upper motor neuron injury)

1) Bilateral spinothalamic loss at the level of the lesion
2) Upper motor neuron paralysis affecting upper extremity MORE than lower extremity

(Spinal cord hemisection)
IPSILATERAL:
1) Possible LMN paralysis at the level of the lesion (AHC)
2) Possible cutaneous anasthesia at the level of the lesion
3) UMN paralysis below the level of the lesion
4) Proprioceptive loss below the level of the lesion
CONTRALATERAL:
1) Pain and temp loss below the level of the lesion

BILATERAL:
1) Upper motor paralysis below the level of the lesion
2) Pain/temp loss below the level of the lesion
3) Relative sparing of proprioception below the level of the lesion

(purely lower motor)
1) Saddle distribution
2) LMN paralysis below level of lesion (loss of bladder, bowel sphincter reflexes, lower limbs paralyzed)

(almost always a central lesion)
1) Includes injury to sacral cord and cauda equina
2) Usually LMN findings
3) May spare sacral reflexes!