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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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logic
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science that evaluates arguments
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argument
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group of statements which contain premises that claim to support a conclusion
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statement
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sentence that is either true of false
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conclusion indicators
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therefore, accordingly, entails that, hence, thus, consequently, so...
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premise indicators
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since, because, for, given that...
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inference
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reasoning process expressed by an argument (argument)
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proposition
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meaning or information content of a statement (statements)
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simple noninferential passages
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warning, piece of advice, statement of belief/opinion, loosely associated statements, report
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expository passages
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contains a topic sentence and the other sentences are intended to expand upon/explain the topic sentence
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arguments from example
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use illustrations for argumentative purposes
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explanandum
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what is being explained
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explanans
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purport to do the explaining
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deductive argument
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impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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inductive argument
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improbable for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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deductive argument forms
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arguments from mathematics, definition, categorical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, disjunctive syllogism
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categorical syllogism
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each statement begins with the words "all," "no," or "some."
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hypothetical syllogism
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syllogism with a conditional statement for one or both of its premises
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disjunctive syllogism
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contains disjunctive statement such as "either...or"
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inductive argument forms
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prediction, analogy, generalization, authority, based on signs, causal inference
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valid deductive argument
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impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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invalid deductive argument
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it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
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sound argument
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a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises
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strong inductive argument
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improbable that the conclusion is false given that the premises are true
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weak inductive argument
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conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even if it claims to
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cogent argument
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strong inductive argument that has all true premises
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substitution instance
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uniformly substituting terms or statements in place of the letters in an argument's form
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counterexample method
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isolating argument form and then proving it invalid through substitution instance which yields true premises and false conclusion
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