lung disease

exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema
patients have a history of smoking, dyspnea, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections, destroys cilia, COPD victims dvelop respiratory failure accompanied by hypoxia

i. Distinguished by permanent enlargement of alveoli and deterioration of the alveolar walls, variable effects surface area by a large area, breaks elastic tissue that breaks down compliance
ii. Inflammation leads to increased resistance and decrease of elasticity
iii. Damage to the pulmonary capillaries increase resistance in the pulmonary circuit
iv. What should be passive becomes active

i. Inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucus production by the lower respiratory passages
ii. Routinely treated with broncodilators and corticosteroids in aerosol form
1. problem with corticalsteroids: suppresses immune system
iii. Lung removal surgery: take out part of enlarged lung. Remaining more room to expand

Characterized by dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness

Active inflammation of airways precedes bronchospasms, smooth muscle spasm and decrease airways

Airway inflammation is an immune response caused by release of IL-4 and IL-5, which stimulate IgE and recruit inflammatory cells

Infections disease caused by bacterium mycobacterium tuberculosis

Symptoms: fever, night sweats, cough

Treatment entails 12-month course of antibiotics

squamous cell carcinoma (20-40% of cases) arises in bronchial epithelium

forms masses, hollow out and bleed
adenocarcinoma (25-35% of cases) originates in peripheral lung area
originate in periphery, solitary nodules from glands

small cell carcinoma (20-25% of cases) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize
only one that responds well to chemotherapy