- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Culture
|
the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a way of life
|
|
Nonmaterial culture
|
the ideas created by members of society
|
|
Material culture
|
the physical things created by members of society
|
|
Symbols
Language Values and beliefs Norms Material |
the major components of all cultures (5)
|
|
Sapir-Whorf
|
the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
|
|
Equal opportunity
Achievement and success Material comfort Activity and work Practicality and efficiency Progress Science Democracy and free enterprise Freedom Racism and group superiority |
Robin Williams’ ten central American
|
|
Mores
|
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
|
|
Folkways
|
norms for routine and casual interaction
|
|
Real – what actually occurs in everyday life
Ideal – how we should behave |
Distinguish between real and ideal culture.
|
|
Invention – the process of creating new cultural elements
Discovery – recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence Diffusion – the spread of cultural traits from society to another |
three causes of cultural change
|
|
Cultural lag
|
the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
|
|
Cultural integration
|
the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
|
|
Ethnocentrism
|
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
|
|
Cultural relativism
|
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
|
|
High culture – available only to the elites
Popular culture – available to average people |
Distinguish between high culture and popular culture
|
|
Socialization
|
The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
|
|
Nature – instinctive human competitiveness
Nurture – behavior is not instinctive, but learned (behaviorism) |
nature versus nurture
|
|
id
|
the human being’s basic drive
|
|
ego
|
a person’s conscience efforts to balance pleasure-seeking with the demands of society
|
|
superego
|
the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
|
|
id
ego superego |
Freud’s model of personality development
|
|
Kinship
|
a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
|
|
marriage
|
a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
|
|
family
|
a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
|
|
nuclear
|
a family composed of one or two parents and their children(conjugal)
|
|
extended
|
a family consisting of parents and children, as well as other kin (consanguine)
|
|
endogamy
|
marriage between people of the same social category
|
|
exogamy
|
marriage between people of different social categories
|
|
monogamous
|
marriage that unites two partners
|
|
polygamous
|
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
|
|
polygyny
|
a man with two or more spouses
|
|
polyandry
|
a woman with two or more spouses
|
|
patrilocality
|
a residential pattern where a married couple lives with or near the husband’s family
|
|
matrilocality
|
a residential pattern where a married couple lives near the wife’s family
|
|
neolocality
|
a residential pattern where a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents
|
|
patrilineal descent
|
a system tracing kinship through men
|
|
matrilineal descent
|
a system tracing kinship through women
|
|
bilateral descent
|
a system tracing kinship through both men and women
|
|
family is the backbone of society
|
structural-functional – family
|
|
family perpetuates social inequality
|
social-conflict – family
|
|
marriage and courtship is a form of negotiation
|
social exchange - family
|
|
i.Property and inheritance – men to hand down property to their sons
ii.Patriarchy – men must control the sexuality of women iii.Race and ethnicity – endogamous marriage supports racial and ethnic hierarchies |
social-conflict – family (3)
|
|
i. Socialization – parents help children become integrated, contributing members of society
ii. Regulation of sexual activity - Incest taboo iii. Social placement – parents maintain social organization by passing their own social identity iv. Material and emotional identity – families provide physical protection, emotional support, and financial assistance |
social functions of the family (4)
|
|
a. Courtship
b. Settling in c. Child rearing d. The family in later life |
the four stages of family life
|
|
a. Individualism is on the rise
b. Romantic love fades c. Women are less dependent on men d. Many of today’s marriages are stressful e. Divorce has become socially acceptable f. Legally, a divorce is easier to get |
Identify causes for the high U.S. divorce rate (6)
|
|
a. Young spouses who lack money and emotional maturity
b. Marriage due to unexpected pregnancy c. Children of divorced parents d. Previous divorce |
Identify risk factors for divorce (4)
|
|
a. One-parent families
b. Cohabitation c. Gay and lesbian couples d. Singlehood |
alternative family forms
|
|
a. Who is the mother
b. In a divorce, who can decide to destroy the embryo c. Is genetic screening ethical? |
controversy of new reproductive technologies
|
|
social interaction
|
the process by which people act and react in relationship to others
|
|
ascribed status
|
social position a person receives at birth, or is given later in life
|
|
achieved status
|
social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort
|
|
role set
|
a number of roles attached to a single status
|
|
role strain
|
tension among the roles attached to a single status
|
|
role conflict
|
conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
|
|
Thomas theorem
|
the reality people construct in their interaction has real consequences for the future
|
|
ethno-methodological research
|
a strategy to reveal the assumptions people have about their social world
|
|
dramaturgical analysis
|
explores the social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
|
|
(1) Demeanor – with greater social power, men have more freedom in how they act
(2) Use of space – men command more space than women (3) Staring and touching – done by men to women (4) Smiling – a way to please another, usually done by women |
ways in which gender influences personal performances (4)
|
|
a) Sensorimotor Stage – individuals experience the world only through their senses
b) Preoperational Stage – individuals first use language and other senses c) Concrete Operational Stage – individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings d) Formal Operational Stage – individuals think abstractly and critically |
Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development
|
|
a) Pre-conventional – pain and pleasure
b) Conventional – distinguish right and wrong from parents and culture c) Post-conventional – moving beyond society norms to consider abstract and ethical |
Kohlberg’s three stages of childhood moral development
|
|
i) Boys – justice perspective: formal rules to define right and wrong
ii) Girls – care and responsibility perspective: judging a situation with an eye on personal relationships and loyalties |
moral development as researched by Gilligan
|
|
Infancy – the challenge of trust (versus mistrust)
b) Toddlerhood – the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame) c) Preschool – the challenge of initiative(versus guilt) d) Preadolescence – the challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority) e) Adolescence – the challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion) f) Young Adulthood – the challenge of intimacy (versus isolation) g) Middle adulthood – the challenge of making a difference (versus self-absorption) h) Old age – the challenge of integrity (versus despair) |
Erikson’s eight stages of development
|
|
Infancy – the challenge of trust (versus mistrust)
|
Infancy – the challenge of _____ (versus _____)
|
|
Toddlerhood – the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame)
|
Toddlerhood – the challenge of _____ (versus _____ and _____)
|
|
Preschool – the challenge of initiative(versus guilt)
|
Preschool – the challenge of _____(versus _____)
|
|
Preadolescence – the challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority)
|
Preadolescence – the challenge of_____ (versus _____)
|
|
Adolescence – the challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion)
|
Adolescence – the challenge of _____ _____ (versus _____)
|
|
Young Adulthood – the challenge of intimacy (versus isolation)
|
Young Adulthood – the challenge of _____ (versus _____)
|
|
Middle adulthood – the challenge of making a difference (versus self-absorption)
|
Middle adulthood – the challenge of _____ (versus _____)
|
|
Old age – the challenge of integrity (versus despair)
|
Old age – the challenge of _____ (versus _____)
|
|
Erickson
|
eight stages of development (who)
|
|
Piaget
|
four stages of cognitive development (who)
|
|
Mead
|
The I and the Me (who)
|
|
Kohlberg
|
three stages of childhood moral development
|
|
i) The self is not there at birth, it develops
ii) The self develops only with social experience iii) Social experience is an exchange of symbols iv) Seeking meaning leads people to imagine other people’s intentions v) Understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the other’s point of view vi) By taking the role of another, we become self-aware (the I and the me |
The development of self (6)
|
