Mam. Phys Test 2

Somatic System - special senses, skin, skeletal m., joints
Visceral System - viscera (internal organs)
S D
A A
M V
E E

Somatic motor control system - skeletal muscle (voluntary movement)
Autonomic nervous system - containing the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

-Hypothalamus
-Brain stem
-Spinal cord

-Hypothalamus
-Brain Stem

-Sympathetic Nervous System
-Parasympathetic Nervous System
-(Enteric)

The action of the Autonomic Nervous System is to regulate the function of internal organs and physiological state. Some functions include: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal, Digestive, Excretory, and Metabolic

-Blood Pressure (stretch receptors)
-O2 and CO2 (chemoreceptors)
-Water balance (osmoreceptors)
-Body temperature (thermosensitive neurons)

Spinal cord has preganglionic nerve cell which leads to autonomic ganglion which leads to postganglionic nerve cell on the target organ

The alpha motor neuron has a long continuous pathway leading to nicotinic receptor to receive acetylcholine. Think of all or nothing response like a knee jerk reflex

Acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic ganglion to react with the nicotinic receptor stimulating postganglonic nerves or a chromaffin cell of the adrenal gland resulting in either the release of or synapse of NE or E to alpha or beta receptors of the sympathetic ANS.

Acetylcholine is released through the preganglionic nerve through to the ganglion, acetylcholine gets released to postganglionic muscarinic receptor. Keep in mind the parasympathetic nervous pathway has a short post ganglionic nerve with a long pre-ganglionic nerve and vice versa for sympathetic nervous pathway

Nicotinic receptor (CNS)- skeletal muscle
Adrenergic receptor (SN) - smooth muscle glands
Muscarinic receptor (SN) - sweat glands
Muscarinic receptor (PSN) - smooth muscle glands
Sympathetic nervous system - 85% E into blood stream vs. 15% NE

Increase heart rate, increase ventricular force. Sympathetic

Arterial dilation. Sympathetic

The nicotinic receptor for acetylcholine decreases heart rate and has little affect on ventricular contraction. Parasympathetic

For constriction of arterial vessels. Sympathetic

Starting at the SA node an electrical pulse stimulates atrial muscles at which the atrioventricular node when then stimulates the bundle branches leading to purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle being stimulated. This entire process takes approximately 350 milliseconds

Noriepinephrine hormone constricts and dilates arterioles according to it binding to either beta 2 and alpha receptors respectively.

The pressure receptor in the wall of the carotid sinus and the aortic baroreceptor.

Autocrine is when a messenger acts on the cell itself (monocytes IL-1), paracrine is when a cell chemically signals a neighbor cell (Intra-testicular testosterone). Endocrine is when minute amounts of hormones, created by special cells, is secreted through the blood stream to a target cell. Exocrine is similiar to endocrine but it secretes to an external environment (pheremones).

Melatonin - 100-500 pg/ml plasma (Mel receptor)
Corticosterone - 1-100ng/ml plasma (GR or MR receptors)

A neuronendocrine signaling pathway uses a neural signal from a preganglionic nerve to synapse with a neuronendocrine cell to stimulate hormone release into the blood stream, whereas the endocrine dot not need neurotransmitter stimulation.

Nervous is a direct system = direct, whereas hormones are released throughout blood stream. Hormones are slow vs. nervous is fast. Neurons has connections between each, whereas hormones goes all through blood.