Mar Unit 4 Flash Cards

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Title: Mar Unit 4
Description: UNIT 4
Number of Cards: 35
Save Count: 0
Author: cbaker67
Created: 2011-12-06
Tags: animals heterotrophic
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Formation of organic compounds
    • -4.6 bya earth is in solar system
      -Atmosphere- little 02
      -Cooled at 3.8 bya creating water vapor = rain
      -Energy sources- volcanoes, radioactivity, lightening, UV radiation
    • Formation of Macromolecules
    • -attraction and energy for polymerization provided by hot clay, sand, rock
      -proteinoids- small polypeptides with catalytic properties(enzymes)
    • Formation of membrane-bound structure
    • -hydrophobic molecules bond together and eventually form a bilayer in water
      -protobiont- macromolecules enclosed in a lipid membrane
      -allows for an internal environment different from external
    • Self replicating molecules
    • -RNA likely before DNA
      -RNA w/ catalytic abilities =Ribozyme
      Able to make complimentary copies of itself
    • Major Events in biological history
    • -3.5 bya- single-celled organisms ie. prokaryotes
      -2 bya-photosynthesis = changes in the atmospheric composition
      -1.5 bya- eukaryotes
    • Major events in biological history cont.
    • -800 mya- multicellularity
      -480 mya- cambrian explosion
      -470 mya- colonization of land
    • Massive environmental/ecological change
    • -continental drift (pangaea)
      -Mass extinction
      -asteroids
      -increased CO2
      -world wide adaptive radiation
    • Changes in body form due to mutations
    • -Timing of body part development
      -Body part arrangement
    • Taxonomy
    • -Science of classification each groups
      -D.K.P.C.O.F.G.S
    • Prokaryotes
    • -First living things
      -small and abundant
      -simple, nucleus not bound w/ membrane
      -cell wall
      -asexual reproduction by binary fission
    • Prokaryote kingdoms
    • -Bacteria- rRNA is unique,
      cell wall contains peptidoglycan
      -Archaea- rRNA close to eukaryotes,
      cell wall does not contain peptidoglycan
    • Bacteria and Archae classification
    • -cell shape- sprillium, bacillus, coccus
      -thickness of peptidoglycan layer
      -Capsule- protection, adhere to substrate
      -Pili- hairs that come off bacteria
      -Flagella-proteins attached to cell wall
    • Reproduction of Prokaryotes
    • -Binary fission- subdivision of cell body with genetic material
    • Prokaryote DNA/RNA exchange
    • -Conjugation- 2 bacteria cells are joined by passing DNA
      -Transformation- Bacteria picks up DNA from environment
      -Transduction- viruses carry DNA from one bacterial to another
    • Unfavorable Conditions- Endospore
    • -Dehydration and increase cell wall thickness
      -Can survive long
      -When becomes favorable=germination
    • Prokayotic Nutrition
    • -photoautotrophs
      -chemoautotrophs
      -photoheterotrophs-use light to live but find another source for carbon
      -chemoheterotrophs-ingest large organic molecules and turn them into smaller ones
    • Ecological importance of heterotrophic prokaryotes
    • -nitrogenfixation
      -chemical recycling
      -symbioses
    • Eukaryote Kingdoms
    • -protists
      -fungi
      -plants
      -animals
      some unicellular and some multi.
    • Protists Overview
    • -nutrition- photosynthetic, heterotrophic(ingest chemicals for C and energy)
    • Marine Heterotrophic protists
    • -Radiolarians
      -forominiferans
    • Radiolarian overview
    • -shell made of silica
      -typically spherical(spines)
      spines=surface area and feeding
      -psedopods- extend through shell and are used to capture food
      -pelagic
    • forominiferans overview
    • -shells made of calcium carbonate
      -use psedopod to capture food
      -usually at depth
    • ciliates overview
    • -cilia extensions used for movement/feeding
      -live on/in others
      -tintinnids= common marine ciliate
    • The evolution of multicellurarity
    • -unicellular protist
      -joined with others of the same K. to form a colony
      -divide jobs(movement&food cells)
      -gametes
    • Shared Animalia Characteristics
    • -multicellularity(cells held together by collagen)
      -heterotrophism
      -Protozoan ancestor
      -similar reproductive and development pattern
    • Classification of Animals
    • -level of organization-cell,tissue,organ
      -Symmetry-radial or bilateral(greater chance of nervous system)
      -Body Plan-sac like or tube w/in a tube
      -Coelm(body cavity)-acoelmates, pdeudocoelmates, coelomates
      -cleavage(pattern of cell division)protosome vs. deuterostome
      -developmental characteristics- lophophore vs. trochophore
    • Sac like body plan
    • -food and waste go through same hole
    • Tube w/in a tube
    • alimentary canal
    • acoelmates
    • -no body cavity
    • pseudocoelmates
    • -have a body cavity but its completely lined with mesoderm
    • coelomates
    • -cavity is covered entirely with mesoderm
    • Protostome
    • -blastula formed mouth first
    • deuterostome
    • -blastula formed anus first
    • Lophophore
    • -ring of ciliated tentacles used for feeding
    • trochophore
    • -distinct larval form