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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four functions of language
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tool for getting things done
facilitates thought and creativity key element in shaping society links past with present, making civilation possible |
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Political uses of language
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information dissemination
agenda-setting interpretation and linkage prejection for the future and the past action stimulation |
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strategic uses of political language
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argumentation and persuasion
indentifications reinforcement inoculation- acknowledge the other side |
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examples of inoculation
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bush talking about war on 9.11. saying knows people dont want war and neither does he but this is why it cant be right
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Euphemisms
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the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt
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examples of euphemisms for lying
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fib, misrepresentation, abnormal aberration, plausible denial
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defintion of a frame:
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structure of beliefs that individuals use to organize, interpret, and convey info and ideas
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internal frames...
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frames based on own experiences
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external frames...
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beliefs that are imposed by policy-makers, activists, and the media
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Elements of a frame
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context, numbers, messengers, visuals, metaphors, stories, values
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an argument is constituted of
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claims linked to evidence or good reasons
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what is an enthymeme
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an argument that draws its premises from generally accepted beliefs
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analytic arguments contain
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the conclusion
ex: mathematical arguments |
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factual claim
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can be determined whether it is true of false
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judgements express...
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priorities, values that are different from person to person
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circular reasoning can be descibed as
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begging the question, the use of part of the conclusion for evidence.
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example of circular reasoning
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I told you so
exercise is healthy beacuse your body needs it |
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hasty generalization
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the conclusion is based on insufficient evidence
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sweeping generalization
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making assumptions based on a whole
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non sequitur
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the establishment of cause and effect
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the incorrect assumption that two events that follow each other in time are causally related
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false cause...you walked under a ladder and then tripped on an uneven sidewalk
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either-or fallacy
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assuming the issue only has two sides or two solutions
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emotional appeal
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appeals to emotions and prejudices of people
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false analogy
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an extended comparison between two otherwise unlike things.
doesnt address the problem more people die in their sleep than they do from smoking |
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bandwagon appeal
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"everyone else is doing it"
80% of dentist use this tooth brush |
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ad hominem
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an attack on a person rather than an issue or argument at hand
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red herring
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something added to an argument to divert the attention from the argument
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straw man argument
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attacks something by attacking a helpless caricature of it
prayer in schools |
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slippery slope argument
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one thing will lead to another
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Tuppen says communicator will receive credibility if they have/are
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truthworthiness
expertise dynamism co-orientation charisma |
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Power leads to...
Attractiveness leads to... Credibility leads to... |
compliance
identification internalization |
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Similarity
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resemblance between the source and recipient of the message
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familiarity
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knowledge of the source through repeated or prolonged exposure
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likeability
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like the source because of appearance, behavior, and other traits
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Problem with using celebrities (4)
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overshadow product
overexposed reducing credibility target audience may not respond to the celebrity celebrity behavior risk factor |
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ethos is equal to
derived by |
character
aristotle |
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rational/ legal cridibility includes
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ability and objectivity
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objectivity's two types of sources
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willing sources (press releases)
reluctant sources |
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Pathos is
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emotional appeal
attractiveness, relation to the person |
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Milgram's study involved
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unquestioning obedience to orders
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milgram's experiment was
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shock therapy from teachers to students (actors). seeing if teacher would go to highest shock level. 65% of teachers went to highest level
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beliefs are
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what we know to be true
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attitudes are defined as
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predispositions to behave a certain way
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way of measuring attitudes (4)
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just ask
survey observe assosiation |
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an organzized set of related attitudes
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values
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which of the following is most difficult to change: beliefs, values, attitudes
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values
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t/f
attitudes are not the easiest to change |
false...easily changed through persuasion
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ex situation of attitudes, beliefs, and values
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attitude: dont like junk food
belief: expensive, fattenting values: health conscious |
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explain stimulus response theory
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rewards to reinforce desired attitudes and behaviors
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attribution theory
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making inferences about the motives of other
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balance theory is described as what
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people wanting their behaviors to be in harmony with their values.
also goes for people you like and dislike |
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example of balance theory
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rhoda and mary are friends. rhoda is prochoice mary prolife. negative relationship
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how to resolve conflict through example
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denial: no sexual relation with woman
bolstering: positive side of clinton differentiation: poltical to private side of clinton transcendence: clinton is victim for being taken down |
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change in attitude occurs when we receive __________
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justification
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dissonance occurs during______
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decision making
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attitudes are comprised of three components
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cognitive, behavioral, and emotional
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attitude functions (4)
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utilitarian
knowledge function ego-defensive function value-expression function |
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ego-defensive function
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promote our own self-esteem
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value-expression function
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the way we express ourselves with our values
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selective exposure
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utility, enlightened self-interest, proximity, involvement, consistent and reinforing
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selective attention
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attention span, novelty, concreteness, size, length
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explain social theory
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current beliefs serve as internal anchors
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three latitudes of social judgment
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acceptance, no commitment, and rejection
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between acceptable and neutral there may be _________
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assimilation
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what are the two routes to persuasion
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central processing route and peripheral route
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people have _________ to process information
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limited capacity
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people react to persuasive message based on whether they are
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motivated to process
able to process - enough room have pre-existing attitudes towards the message |
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"audience"
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the process of aggregating individuals into a larger and cohesive unit
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social proof
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deciding what you believe after learning what other people think
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what is dial group testing used for.
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to measure audience acceptance of specific shows or advertisements
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this is used to trigger beliefs that people already have
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principle of identification
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universal commonplace
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widely accepted cultural beliefs
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the basic needs filled by interpersonal communication
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affection, inclusion, and control
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three perspectives of interpersonal communication
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humanistic, pragmatic, and social exchange
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pragmatic perspectives
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goal driven
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social exchange
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rewards from relationship
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types of nonverbal communication include
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body communication
facial and eye communication artifactual communication spatial communication tactile comm. paralanguage |
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Five sources of power
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coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, referent
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coercive power
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punishments, consequences
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reward
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something of value in exchange for something someone did for you
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legitimate
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authority, boss/parent
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expert
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expertise in situation, know what's best
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referent
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having lots of respect
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leadership communication styles
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authoritarian leadership
democratic leadership laissez-faire leadership |
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democratic leadership includes
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asking people what they think
increase in participation allows for innovation |
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laissez-faire leadership
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allows people to do their own thing
would work really well in a well motivated group |
