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20 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Identify: a, b, c, e
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Be able to recognize that *vitamin A and B-Carotene are the same molecule
*Identify B-Carotene and retinal from their structures. |
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Retinal does not directly communicate with the neurons instead, it is covered in a protein known as
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rhodopsin
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rhodopsin
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a G-Protein Couples Receptor (GPCR)
*important-- most drugable type of protein; often target of modern-day medicine |
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The brain's retains the brian only food source, glucose, at a concentration of _____ or above
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5 millimolar
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Most of the time we don't need fat for energy, instead it is stored as ____ in the _____
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*triacylglycerol (TAG)
*liver |
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The body uses two pathways to determine which pathways will be activated depending on blood sugar. What are these two pathways?
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1. orexigenic
2. anorexigenic |
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orexigenic pathway
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causes the body to feel hunger and tells the body to eat more food and much of this is controlled by ______
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ghrelin |
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anorexigene pathway
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uses leptin to limit hunger and reject food
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Both grelin and leptin are vital in the _____ that control blood sugar levels
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signal transduction cascades (STC)
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The best way to manipulate the human body is by using
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agonists and antagonist to alter STCs
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The effect of agonist and antagonists can be seen through the ______ pathways
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epinephrine
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epinephrine does not bind well to its receptor and thus has a generally week effect. However scientists have created an agonist called___ binds to receptor more strongly
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Isoproterenol
-They are used to treat asthma and chronic bronchitis |
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_____ opposite of Isoproterenol, an antagonist which also binds to pinephrine preventing the function to turn on
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Propranolol
-a class of medications called beta blockers. It works by relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate to improve blood flow and decrease blood pressure. |
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What is BRCA1 and BRCA2
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they are two genes linked to estrogen receptors and give a 60-85% increased risk of breast cancer
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______ is an antagonist to the estrogen receptor, use as the first treatment at the onset of cancer.
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tomoxifen
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tomoxifen can be found in the human body as the protein _____
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toxol
**responsible for the breakdown of microtubules' polymers (know as microtubule catastrophe) |
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_____ an antagonist to progesterone receptor, used for the morning after pill (reduce progesterone production causing abortion)
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mifepristone
*antagonist to progesterone |
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[box 14-2: Cori Cycle in Alligator]
Anaerobic catabolism of glucose to lactate occurs |
during short bursts of extreme muscular activity, which oxygen cannot be carried to the muscles fast enough to oxidize pyruvate.
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Instead muscles use their stored _____ as fuel to genearte ATP by _____, with lactate as the end product
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glucose (glycogen)
Fermentation |
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Lactate is slowly converted back to glucose by _____ in the ______
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gluconeogenesis
liver |
