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180 Cards in this Set
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Body fluids
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These are distributed between intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) fluid compartments.
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diffusion, active transport, filtration, and osmosis
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Fluid can move between compartments (through selectively permeable membranes) by a what four methods?
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Fluid Volume Deficit (hypovolemia-isotonic)
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This occurs when the body loses both water & electrolytes from the ECF in similar proportions, usually called Hypovolemia.
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Fluid Volume Excess
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This is an excessive retention of water and Na in extracellular fluid.
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Hemoconcentration
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This occurs with dehydration, resulting in increases in Hct, serum
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Hypovolemia
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This can lead to hypovolemic shock.
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Fluid volume deficits
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You would increase fluid intake with vigorous exercise, to prevent this.
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Increase fluid intake
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In high altitudes and dry climates, you would do this to promote hydration.
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This increases fluid excretion.
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Why should you instruct a client at risk for a fluid volume deficit to avoid drinking fluids that contain alcohol or caffeine?
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Older adults
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This group has an increased risk for dehydration due to a decrease in total body mass, which includes total body water content.
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Hypovolemia
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Vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, and diarrhea can cause what fluid imbalance?
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Hypovolemia
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Diaphoresis can cause what fluid imbalance?
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Hypovolemia
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Diuretic therapy, diabetes insipidus, renal disease, adrenal insufficiency, and osmotic diuresis can cause what fluid imbalance?
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Hypovolemia
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Peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, ascites, and burns can cause what fluid imbalance?
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Dehydration
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Hyperventilation, Diabetic ketoacidosis, and enteral feeding can all cause what fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume deficit
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Hyperthermia, tachycardia, thready pulse, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, decreased central venous pressure, tachypneic (increased respirations),
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Fluid volume deficit
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Dizziness, syncope, confusion, weakness, and fatigue are all neuromusculoskeletal symptoms of what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume deficit
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Thirst, dry furrowed tongue, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, and acute
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Fluid volume deficit
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Oliguria is a renal symptom of what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume deficit
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Diminished capillary refill, cool clammy skin, diaphoresis, sunken eyeballs, and flattened neck veins are all physical symptoms of what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume deficit
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Increased hematocrit (Hct) is a sign of what type of fluid imbalance?
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Dehydration
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Increased (hemoconcentration) osmolarity (> 300 mOsm/L),
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Dehydration
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Increased urine concentration is associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume deficit
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For this fluid imbalance, the nurse would implement fluid replacement - Administer IV fluids as prescribed (isotonic solutions, such as lactated Ringer's, normal saline, blood transfusions).
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30 cc/hr.
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In a client with a fluid volume deficit, the nurse would monitor intake and output and alert the provider for urine output less than what?
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shock position (on back with legs elevated).
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When treating a client with a fluid volume deficit, the nurse would place the client in what position?
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Hypovolemic Shock
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This is a complication of a fluid volume deficit.
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Hypovolemic Shock
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When treating this fluid imbalance emergency, the nurse would administer vasoconstrictors, such as dopamine (Intropin) and norepinephrine
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hypervolemia-isotonic
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With this type of fluid volume excess, water and sodium are retained in abnormally high proportions.
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overhydration-osmolar
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With this type of fluid volume excess, more water is gained than electrolytes.
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pulmonary edema and heart failure.
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Severe hypervolemia can lead to what critical conditions?
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Fluid volume excess
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For this fluid imbalance, a client might be instructed to consume a diet low in sodium.
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Fluid volume excess
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For this fluid imbalance, a client might be placed on a fluid restriction.
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Hypervolemia
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Abnormal renal function with reduced excretion of sodium and water, can cause what sort of fluid imbalance?
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Hypervolemia
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Interstitial to plasma fluid shifts (hypertonic fluids, burns), can cause what type of fluid imbalance?
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Hypervolemia
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Excessive sodium intake, can cause what type of fluid imbalance?
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Overhydration
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Water replacement without electrolyte replacement (strenuous exercise with
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Fluid volume excess
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Tachycardia, bounding pulse, hypertension, tachypnea, and increased central venous pressure are vital signs associated with what fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume excess
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Confusion and muscle weakness are neuromusculoskeletal symptoms associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume excess
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Weight gain and ascites are gastrointestinal symptoms associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume excess
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Dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles, and diminished breath sounds are respiratory symptoms associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Hypervolemia
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Decreased hematocrit (Hct) is associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Overhydration
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Decreased (hemodilution) osmolarity (< 270 mOsm/L) is a serum osmolarity associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Overhydration/hypervolemia
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Decreased electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine are associated with what type of fluid imbalance?
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Fluid volume excess
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A chest x-ray revealing congestion, is a sign of what type of fluid imbalance?
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Semi-Fowler's position.
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What position would the nurse encourage in a patient with fluid volume excess?
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Daily weight and intake/output
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What are the two best ways to monitor a client with fluid volume excess?
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Fluid volume excess
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A nurse would administer diuretics (osmotic, loop) as prescribed, for what fluid imbalance?
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Reposition the client at least every 2 hr.
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How often should the nurse reposition a client with fluid volume excess?
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Crackles
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In a client with fluid volume excess, the nurse would auscultate the lung sounds for what?
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Notify provider if 1 to 2-pound gain in 24 hr, or a 3-pound gain in a week.
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Encourage client to weigh themselves daily, and to notify the provider when?
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Pulmonary Edema
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Symptoms of this complication from severe fluid overload, include anxiety, tachycardia, acute respiratory distress, increased vein distention, dyspnea at rest, change in level of consciousness, and ascending crackles (fluid level within lungs) and cough, productive of frothy pink-tinged sputum.
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Pulmonary Edema
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This is a complication of sever fluid overload.
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Position the client in high-Fowler's position to maximize ventilation.
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When treating a client with pulmonary edema, the nurse should place the client in what position?
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Tachypnea
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A middle adult male client is seen in the emergency department with reports of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and weakness. History reveals that he had just completed a 10-mile run when the onset of symptoms occurred. Physical assessment reveals dry oral mucous membranes, temperature 38.5°C (101.3° F), pulse 92 beats/min and thready, respirations 20/min, skin cool and diaphoretic, and blood pressure 102/64 mm Hg. His urine is concentrated with a high specific gravity. Which of the
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Weakness
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Which of the following present fluid volume excess? (Select all that apply.)
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ventricle emptying resulting in pulmonary and/or peripheral edema.
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Why is fluid volume excess a common complication of heart failure?
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Potassium, because furosemide (Lasix) administration may result in hypokalemia.
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Which electrolyte should the nurse carefully monitor in this client and why?
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fluid volume deficits due to their level of osmosis and that they pull fluid from the isotonic spaces.
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A client receiving 0.9% sodium chloride should be monitored for signs of
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Rationale: The proportion of body water decreases with aging. Tissue trauma, such as burns, causes fluids and electrolytes to be lost from the damaged cells, and the breakdown in the continuity of the tissue. In Type I Decubitus, the skin remains intact, and any shifting of fluids is due to the inflammatory process and internally maintained within the body. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause significant fluid loses. Age, sex, and body fat affect total body water. Infants have the delete spaces highest proportion of water; it accounts for 70-80% of their body weight. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys as caused by impaired cardiac function stimulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, causing sodium and water retention. Clients who are confused or unable to communicate are at risk for inadequate fluid intake. Age does not play a significant factor here.
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Which individual would least likely suffer from a disturbance in fluid volume, electrolyte, or acid-base balance?
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Rationale: Isotonic solutions has the same osmolality as body fluids. Isotonic solutions, such as Normal Saline and Ringer's Lactate, initially remain in the vascular compartment, expanding vascular volume. Isotonic imbalances occur when water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal proportions, and serum osmolality remains constant.
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An elderly patient was hydrated with lactated Ringer's solution in the emergency room for the last hour. During the most recent evaluation of the patient by the nurse, a finding of a rapid bounding pulse and shortness of breath were noted. Reporting this episode to the physician, the nurse suspects that the patient now shows signs of:
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White bread Rationale: White bread is known to help meet fiber needs for the body. Potassium is found in many fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish.
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A client taking lasix (furosemide) for congestive heart failure is seeing the physician for a potassium value of 3.0. An order for oral potassium taken daily is written and discussed with the client. In addition, potassium-rich foods should be eaten. The nurse educator meets with this client and has the client identify all of the following foods as potassium-rich except:
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Rationale: The edema is due to low levels of plasma proteins that exist with this disease, altering the oncotic pressure that helps regulate fluid movement in the vascular space moving into interstitial area. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure is the cause. Capillaries have increased permeability when edema formation is possible. Obstructed lymph flow impairs the movement of fluid from interstitial tissues back into the vascular compartment, resulting in edema.
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Edema that forms in clients with kidney disease is due to:
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Rationale: Daily weights, checking vital signs, and monitoring fluid I&O all fall within the realm of nursing interventions. The remaining interventions either have the nurse perform a task requiring an MD order, such as giving diuretics or placing a Foley catheter, or have an action unrelated to this problem, such as the calorie count.
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Measurements related to fluid balance of clients that a nurse can initiate without a physician's order include:
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Rationale: Salt causes the body to retain fluids due to an increase in the concentration of sodium and the release of ADH. Caffeine acts as a diuretic in individuals and may lead to loss of excess fluids in the body. The remaining identified measures are all appropriate.
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The nurse has been invited to discuss "the importance of promoting a good fluid and electrolyte balance in children" for a group of parents at the local school parents club meeting. Of the following actions, which is not representative of this topic?
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Rationale: Sodium is found in high quantities in the foods noted that the client has consumed. When sodium levels increase in the body, water is retained, adding to the volume of fluid in circulation, making it harder for the body to move fluids through the circulation. Therefore, the excess fluid may in time impair gas exchange if levels eventually act on the lungs; fluid volume is increasing, not decreasing, in this situation, and this problem has no involvement with platelets.
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The nurse is admitting a new client, 80 years old, with congestive heart failure into your home health agency. The following assessment findings have been determined after meeting the client: overweight but no gain since the client left the hospital two days ago; VS: T 99.0, HR 100, R 22, BP 130/86. Foods eaten include canned soup at each meal, ham, and cheese. When completing the care plan for this client, the nurse should include which of the following nursing diagnosis:
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Electrolytes
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These are minerals (sometimes called salts) that are present in all body fluids.
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Electrolytes
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These regulate fluid balance and hormone production, strengthen skeletal structures, and act as catalysts in nerve response, muscle contraction, and the metabolism of nutrients.
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Electrolytes
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These are distributed between intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) fluid compartments.
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Within cells.
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While laboratory tests can accurately reflect the electrolyte concentrations in plasma, it is not possible to directly measure electrolyte concentrations where?
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136 to 145 mEq/L
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Sodium expected reference range.
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3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
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Potassium expected reference range.
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98 to 106 mEq/L
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Chloride expected reference range.
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9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL
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Calcium expected reference range.
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1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
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Magnesium expected reference range.
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3.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
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Phosphorus expected reference range.
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Sodium (Na+)
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This is the major electrolyte found in extracellular fluid.
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Sodium (Na+)
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This is essential for maintaining acid-base balance, active and passive transport mechanisms, and maintaining irritability and conduction of nerve and muscle tissue.
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Hyponatremia
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Decreased sodium levels are referred to as what?
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Hypernatremia
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Elevated sodium levels are referred to as what?
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Hyponatremia
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This electrolyte imbalance delays and slows the depolarization of membranes.
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Hyponatremia
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In this electrolyte imbalance, water moves from the ECF into the ICF causing cells to swell (cerebral edema).
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Hyponatremia
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Compensatory mechanisms for this electrolyte imbalance include the renal excretion of sodium-free water.
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Hyponatremia
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Increased ECF volume with excessive oral water intake or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) - excess
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Hyponatremia
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Excessive hypotonic IV fluids or inadequate sodium intake can cause what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hyponatremia
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Older adult clients are at a greater risk for this electrolyte imbalance, due to the increased incidence of chronic illnesses, use of diuretic medications, and risk for insufficient sodium intake.
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Hyponatremia
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Vital signs for this electrolyte imbalance include: hypothermia, tachycardia, rapid thready pulse, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension (vital signs can vary based on state of ECF volume).
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Hyponatremia
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Neuromusculoskeletal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include : headache, confusion, lethargy, muscle weakness to the
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Hyponatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse is likely to administer 3% sodium chloride slowly and monitor sodium levels frequently.
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Hyponatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse is likely to encourage foods and fluids high in sodium (cheeses, milk, condiments).
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Hyponatremia or Hypernatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse is likely to encourage the client to weigh daily and to notify the provider of a 1 to 2 lb gain in 24 hr, or 3 lb gain in a week.
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Hyponatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse is likely to instruct the client to consume a high-sodium diet, including reading food labels to check sodium content, and keeping a daily record of sodium intake.
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Acute Hyponatremia
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This complication of hyponatremia can result in coma, seizures, and respiratory arrest.
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Hypernatremia
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This electrolyte imbalance causes a shift of water out of the cells, resulting in dehydrated cells.
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Hypernatremia
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This is a serious electrolyte imbalance. It can cause significant neurological, endocrine, and/or cardiac disturbances.
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Hypernatremia
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Compensatory mechanisms for this electrolyte imbalance include increased thirst and production of ADH.
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Hypernatremia
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Vital signs for this electrolyte imbalance include: hyperthermia, tachycardia, and orthostatic hypotension.
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Hypernatremia
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Neuromusculoskeletal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: restlessness, irritability, muscle twitching to the point of muscle weakness including respiratory compromise, decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR) to the point of absent DTRs, seizures, coma
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Hypernatremia
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Gastrointestinal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: thirst, dry mucous membranes, increased motility, hyperactive
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Hypernatremia
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Signs of this electrolyte imbalance include: edema, warm flushed skin, and oliguria (decreased production of urine)
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Hypernatremia / Excess sodium
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to administer loop diuretics for clients with poor renal excretion.
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Hypernatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to monitor level of consciousness and ensure safety., monitor the client's vital signs and heart rhythm, and auscultate lung sounds.
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Hypernatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to provide oral hygiene and other comfort measures to decrease thirst.
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Hypernatremia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to encourage the client to consume a low-sodium diet, read food labels to check sodium content, and keep a record of daily sodium intake.
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Potassium (K+)
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This is the major cation in the intracellular fluid (ICF).
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Potassium
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This electrolyte plays a vital role in cell metabolism, transmission of nerve impulses, functioning of cardiac, lung, and muscle tissues, and acid-base balance.
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Potassium
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This electrolyte has a reciprocal action with sodium.
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Hypokalemia
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Decreased potassium levels are referred to as what?
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Hyperkalemia
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Elevated potassium levels are referred to as what?
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Hypokalemia
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Metabolic alkalosis, after correction of acidosis, during periods of tissue repair (burns, trauma, starvation) can be a cause of this electrolyte imbalance.
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Hypokalemia
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Older adult clients are at greater risk due to increased use of Lasix and laxatives.
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Hypokalemia
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Vital signs for this electrolyte imbalance include: weak, irregular pulse, hypotension, and respiratory distress.
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Hypokalemia
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Neuromusculoskeletal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: weakness to the point of respiratory collapse and paralysis, muscle cramping, decreased muscle tone and hypoactive reflexes, paresthesias, and mental confusion
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Hypokalemia
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ECG symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), bradycardia, blocks, ventricular
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Hypokalemia
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Gastrointestinal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: decreased motility, abdominal distention, constipation, ileus,
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Hypokalemia
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Increased pH is a sign of this electrolyte imbalance.
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Hypokalemia or Hyperkalemia
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ECG will show findings of dysrhythmias for what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hypokalemia
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The nurse would encourage avocados, broccoli, dairy products, dried fruit, cantaloupe, and bananas for what electrolyte imbalance?
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IV potassium supplementation:
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IV supplementation of what electrolyte should never IV bolus, with the maximum recommended rate is 5 to 10 mEq/hr.
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Hypokalemia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to observe for shallow ineffective respirations and diminished breath sounds and Monitor the client's cardiac rhythm.
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Hypokalemia
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This electrolyte imbalance increases the risk for digoxin toxicity.
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Hypokalemia
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Respiratory failure is a complication of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hyperkalemia
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Older adult clients are at a greater risk for this electrolyte imbalance, due to the increased use of salt substitutes, ACE inhibitors, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
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Hyperkalemia
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Vital signs for this electrolyte imbalance include: slow, irregular pulse, and hypotension
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Hyperkalemia
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Neuromusculoskeletal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: restlessness, irritability, weakness to the point of ascending flaccid paralysis, and paresthesias
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Hyperkalemia
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ECG signs for this electrolyte imbalance include: premature ventricular contractions, ventricular fibrillation, peaked T waves,
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Hyperkalemia
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Gastrointestinal symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: nausea, vomiting, increased motility, diarrhea, and hyperactive
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Hyperkalemia
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Decreased pH is a symptom of what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hyperkalemia
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The nurse could expect to prepare to administer calcium gluconate or calcium chloride for cardiac protection during what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hyperkalemia
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For this electrolyte imbalance, the nurse could expect to administer loop diuretics (furosemide [Lasix]).
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Potassium
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Loop diuretics increase the depletion of what electrolyte from the renal system?
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Hypocalcemia
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Risk factors for this electrolyte imbalance include: Crohn's disease, end-stage kidney disease, and hypoparathyroidism.
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Hypocalcemia
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Symptoms for this electrolyte imbalance include: muscle twitches, muscle spasms, positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching), and positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff
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Hypocalcemia
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The nurse could expect to encourage dairy products and dark green vegetables for a client with what electrolyte imbalance?
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Tap water is hypotonic and gastrointestinal losses are isotonic. This creates an imbalance and solute dilution. Administering normal saline, D5W with 20 K + 80mL/hr, or glucocorticoids should not cause these results.
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A nurse is caring for a client with the following electrolyte results: Na+ 133 mEq/L and K+ 3.4 mEq/L. Which of the following treatments likely caused these results?
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Potassium levels can affect the heart resulting in arrhythmias. An ECG would indicate these findings. Constipation and polyuria are signs of hypokalemia and hypotension is a sign of hypokalemia.
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A nurse is caring for a client who has a potassium level of 5.4 mEq/L. The nurse should assess the client for
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Nasogastric losses are isotonic, containing both sodium and potassium. Hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, and hypomagnesemia would not be indicated for the client.
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For which of the following electrolyte imbalances should the nurse monitor a client who has a nasogastric tube with suctioning?
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Diabetic ketoacidosis might result in hyperkalemia. Heart failure, diabetes insipidus, and thyroidectomy would not result in hyperkalemia.
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Which of the following conditions might result in hyperkalemia?
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The nurse should tap on the client's facial nerve just below and anterior to the ear. A positive response is facial twitching of the mouth, nose, and cheek on the side being tested.
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When testing a client for Chvostek's sign, where should the nurse tap?
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Hydrogen (H+)
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Acid-base balance represents homeostasis of what ion concentration in body fluids?
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Hydrogen
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What shifts between the extracellular and intracellular compartments to compensate for acid-base imbalances?
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Respiratory and renal compensational function.
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Arterial pH is an indirect measurement of hydrogen ion concentration and is a result
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Bicarbonate (HCO3-), a base regulated by the kidneys.
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pH is the expression of the balance between carbon dioxide (CO2), which is
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Acidic
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The greater the concentration of hydrogen, the more _______ the body fluids and the lower the pH.
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Alkaline
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The lower the concentration of hydrogen, the more ________ the body fluids and the higher the pH.
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Chemical and protein buffers
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These acid-base buffers are the first line of defense and respond quickly to changes in pH.
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Respiratory buffers
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These acid-base buffers are the second line of defense and control the level of hydrogen ions in the blood through the control of CO2 levels.
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Respiratory buffers
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When a chemoreceptor senses a change in the level of CO2, a signal is sent to the
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Hyperventilation
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This type of respiratory acid-base buffer causes a decrease in hydrogen ions.
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Hypoventilation
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This type of respiratory acid-base buffer causes an increase in hydrogen ions.
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Renal buffers
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This acid-base buffer is the third line of defense and is much slower to respond, but it is the most effective buffering system with the longest duration
|
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High hydrogen ions
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Bicarbonate reabsorption and production during renal buffering of acid-base balance causes what?
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Low hydrogen ions
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Bicarbonate excretion during renal buffering of acid-base balance causes what?
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Compensation
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This refers to the process by which the body attempts to correct changes and imbalances in pH levels.
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Full compensation
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This occurs when the pH level of the blood returns to normal (7.35 to 7.45)
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Partial compensation
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If the pH level is not able to normalize, then it is referred to as what?
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Acid-base imbalances
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Metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory acidosis are examples of what?
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Respiratory Acidosis (Hypoventilation)
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Respiratory depression, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction, alveolar-capillary blockage, and inadequate mechanical ventilation can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Respiratory Alkalosis (Hyperventilation)
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Hyperventilation and hypoxemia can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Respiratory Acidosis (Hypoventilation)
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Increased CO2 and increased H+ concentration are a result of what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Respiratory Alkalosis (Hyperventilation)
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Decreased CO2 and decreased H+ concentration are a result of what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Excess production of hydrogen ions, inadequate elimination of hydrogen ions, inadequate production of bicarbonate, and excess elimination of bicarbonate can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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A base excess from an ingestion of antacids and an acid deficit from a loss of gastric secretions can cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Decreased HCO3 and increased H+ concentration are a result of what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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Increased HCO3 and decreased H+ concentration are a result of what type of acid-base imbalance?
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Respiratory Acidosis (Hypoventilation)
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Signs and symptoms for this type of acid-base imbalance include: tachycardia, tachypnea, dysrhythmias, anxiety, irritability, confusion, coma, ineffective breathing, shallow rapid breathing, and pale or cyanotic skin.
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Metabolic Acidosis
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Signs and symptoms for this type of acid-base imbalance include: bradycardia, weak peripheral pulses, hypotension, tachypnea, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, rapid deep respirations (Kussmaul), and warm dry skin.
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Respiratory Alkalosis (Hyperventilation)
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Signs and symptoms for this type of acid-base imbalance include: tachypnea, anxiety, tetany, convulsions, tingling, numbness, palpitations, chest pain, dysrhythmias, and rapid deep respirations.
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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Signs and symptoms for this type of acid-base imbalance include: tachycardia, dysrhythmias, numbness, tetany, hyperreflexia, confusion, and depressed skeletal muscles resulting in ineffective breathing.
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Respiratory
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The nurse would diagnose an acid-base imbalance with < 35 or > 45 PaCO2 as what in origin?
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Metabolic
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The nurse would diagnose an acid-base imbalance with < 22 or > 26 HCO3 as what in origin?
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Hypoxic
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When evaluating a client with an acid-base imbalance with a PaO2 or SaO2 that is below normal range, the client is considered to be what?
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Uncompensated
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The pH will be abnormal and either the HCO3 or the PaCO2 will be abnormal in an acid-base imbalance with what type of compensation?
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Partially compensated:
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The pH, HCO3, and PaCO2 will be abnormal in an acid-base imbalance with what type of compensation?
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Fully compensated:
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The pH will be normal, but the PaCO2 and HCO3 will both be abnormal in an acid-base imbalance with what type of compensation?
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Homeostasis. Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, and HCO3 22-26
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A client has a pH of 7.40, a PaCO2 of 40, and an HCO3 of 24. What type of acid-base imbalance is the client in?
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Respiratory acidosis. Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, and HCO3 22-26
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A client has a pH of 7.30, a PaCO2 of 50, and an HCO3 of 24. What type of acid-base imbalance is the client in?
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Metabolic acidosis. Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, and HCO3 22-26
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A client has a pH of 7.30, a PaCO2 of 40, and an HCO3 of 20. What type of acid-base imbalance is the client in?
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Respiratory alkalosis. Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, and HCO3 22-26
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A client has a pH of 7.50, a PaCO2 of 30, and an HCO3 of 24. What type of acid-base imbalance is the client in?
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Metabolic alkalosis. Normal values: pH 7.35-7.45, PaCO2 35-45, and HCO3 22-26
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A client has a pH of 7.50, a PaCO2 of 40, and an HCO3 of 28. What type of acid-base imbalance is the client in?
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