Medical competition

painful labour

infected lymph nodes

defective metabolism

viewing vagina procedure

excessive sweating drugs

calcium

insulin

hyperthyroidism

proximal convoluted tubule, hoop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

inferior vena cava

plasma protiens that fight infection

subclavian vein

radial muslces

oval window

cortex

pituitary gland

pituitary

33

produces most plasma protiens

assess infant condition

- syndrome

rupture by trauma, mechanically compressed or obstructed, an area becomes necrotic due to inaqequate blood supply.

cerebral infarction

all diseases of obstruction of artery of arm and leg

restriction of blood supply generally due to factors in blood vessels with resultant damage or destruction of tissue. ischemia is an absolute or relative shortage of the blood supply to an organ

- cross to form an X

- mild pain on walking

light does not hit focus because eye is to short= convex lenses bend light faster

abnormal curvature of lense causing multiple focal points, blurry vision- toric special lenses

skin bacteria secrete enzymes which produce free fatty acids which causes the inflammation

Osteoarthritis is a type of arthritis caused by the destruction of cartilage from the joints

Sprains are tears of the ligaments which are holding two bones together.

musculoskeletal pain and fatiu

skeletal msucle replaced by fat and fibrous tissue

ALS: most common motor neuron disease of muscular atrophy

Alzheimers: progressive changes in brain neurons due to lack neurotransmitters, genetics and trauma.

CP: prenatal, postnanal CNS damamge due to fetal anoxia.

Epilepsy: recurrent seizues, associated with abnormal electrical dischanrge in neurons of brain.

MS: loss of myelin sheath form axons of PNS

Parkinsons: shaking palsy, involuntary tremors. Dopamine deficiency.

Presbyopia- normal loss of accommodation power of eye which occurs as a consequence of aging.

Hyperopia- far sighted, lense to short or weak

Cataracts- coulding of lense resulting form buildup of proteins and epithelial cells.
The lens relies on the aqueous humor for its nutrition. Any loss of the nutrient source will lead to degeneration of the lens and ultimately opacity of the lens. Cataracts make vision in dim light difficult because weaker beams of light cannot pass through the cloudy spots making dim light vision or night vision difficult. Cataracts may occur with advancing age, infection, exposure to sunlight and trauma. The lens may be surgically removed and a transplant completed.

pink eye

Presbycusis- progressive hearing loss associated with degereantion of nerve tissue in vestibulocochlear nerve.

Glaucoma- buildup of excessive aqueous humor in ant cavity of eye. Pressue against retina reduces amount of blood reaching retina. Causing degeratnion fo retina and loss of vision.

Macular degeneration- centeral part of retina or macula- progressive degernation of.

cross eye

Hypnic jerk- invouulnary myoclonic twitch which occurs during hypnagogia just as subject is about to fall to sleep.

Cystits- inflammation of bladder caused by bacteria.

Diabetes insipidus- excessive urination due to ADH )antidiuretic hormone) kidneys cant absorb water. neoplasms, infection, head trauma.

Glomerulonephritis: inflmattion of glomeruli caused by bacterial infection. Edema, oliguria, proteinuria, azotemia, hematuria, fatigue.

Emphysema- chronic ob pulm disorders. Enlargment of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles due to destruction of alveolar walls.

cold

heart disease, cancer

Pneumonia—acute infection of lungs preventing gas exchange. Virus, bacteria or aspiration of fluid.

sudden infant death syndrom

Hepatitis A: fecal oral. Liver cells descrutcion, anna, jaundice, headache. Liver failure complication.

Hepatitis B: direct exchange of contaminated bnlood: liver cell destruction. Liver failure complication.

Obesity: 20% per men, 30% for women.

Ulcer: mucosal mmembrane in alimentary canal. Esophagus, stomach, duiodenum, jejunum. Bacterial infection followed by chronic use of non steroidal anti inflam drugs.

Anemia- inadequate erythrocytes or deficiency in production of normal hemoglobin.

Hemmorrhagiic anemia- decreased amount of circulating erythrocytes because of hemorrhage. Acute such as with trauma, or chronic such as loss with ulcers.

Aplastic anemia: inability of red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes which have been destroyed due to toxic chemicals/ anti cancer drugs. Bone marrow transplants.

inability to absorb or inadequate intake of iron

Pernicioius anemia- diet deficent in B12 or loss of intrinsic factor form the lining of stomach which in turn prevents B12 absorbtioni. Erythrocytes reduced and procuded erythrocytes are abrnomal, large and weak.

Hemolytic anemia- abnormal destruciotn of erythrocytes.

Hemolytic disease of newborn: erythroblastosis fetalis. Fetus is Rh+ while mother is Rh-. During the first pregnancy, the mother will form antibodies against the Rh+ blood. Since the antibodies have only formed, they do not cross the placenta and harm the fetus’ blood. If a second Rh+ pregnancy occurs, the antibodies have already been made, now cross through the placenta and begin to destroy the Rh+ red blood cells. The result is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells in the fetus as well as jaundice due to the accumulation of bilirubin in the skin. The Rh- mother must receive an injection of Rhogam after every Rh+ pregnancy in order to destroy the antibodies that have been made against the Rh+ blood. The fetus may require transfusions and light therapy.

Hemophilia- sex linked genetic trate inability to produce blood clotting factor VIII. Intrinsic pathway cannot compelte its set of chemical reactions and the enzyme thromboplastin is not made. Males.

Leukemia- cancer of blood overproduciton of immature white blood cells released prematurely into circulation.

Polycythemia- excessive erythrocytes. Viscous (thick) blood which flows slowly. Increased risk for stroke, due to formation of blood clotes within the blood.

which infects the T-helper cells resulting in the progressive destruction of cell mediated immunity by the T cells and eventually humoral (antibody) immunity

Measles: rubeola. Highly contagious. Direct contract infected respritory droplets. Incubation one to two weeks.

Koplik's spots appear as bluish white specks surrounded by a red halo and are the definitive signs of measles

Mumps: viral infection affecting parotid salivary glands. Spread by droplets and direct contact.

Rubella: german measles, mild contagious viral infection produces three day rash and swelling of lymph nodes. Transmitted contact with contaminated body fluids. symptoms include headache, fever, fatigue, lymph node enlargement, and red maculopapular rash. The rash typically begins on the face and spreads rapidly over the body, but disappears after about three days. Rubella has devastating consequences on a growing fetus and may cause blindness, heart problems, and/or deafness. The spread of rubella in the United States has been controlled by the use of vaccines.

Tetanus: Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a bacterial infection. It is generally systemic and is fatal in over 50% of unimmunized people. Transmission of the bacteria generally begins when a person is walking through contaminated dirt and receives a puncture wound. The exotoxins produced by tetanus enter the body and cause local infection and tissue death. There are painful, involuntary muscle contractions of the face, neck, and back. Seizures can also occur. Treatment requires the use of the tetanus antitoxin and may need respiratory support until antibiotics can control the infection.

An aneurysm is an abnormal dilation found in an arterial wall. An aneurysm can be caused by atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, a history of trauma or infection. They can be located in any artery. Symptoms vary with where it is located, but generally there are known to cause pain. Treatment includes the surgical removal of the affected part with a graft replacement. The biggest complication of aneurysm is their potential for rupture which may lead quickly to death due to the massive blood loss. If an aneurysm ruptures in the cranial cavity, it will probably cause a stroke.

Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of an artery which impairs its ability to regulate blood pressure.

Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis which is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries

Coronary Artery Disease is a form of atherosclerosis which occurs in the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are responsible for taking highly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the myocardium. As the lumen of a coronary artery fills with fat, the tissue distal to the blockage has a reduced amount of oxygen and nutrients which causes damage and may provoke a heart attack. This disorder is near epidemic proportions in the United States and is attributed to a high fat diet, lack of exercise, smoking, oral contraceptives, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes mellitus and stress. Symptoms of coronary artery disease include angina, or chest pain which is relieved when the person stops his/her activity and rests. It may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fainting, and sweating. Treatment may include medication to dilate the coronary arteries during the anginal attacks and angioplasty to remove the fatty plaques from the arteries.

High blood pressure is a blood pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher. Both numbers are important.

A murmur occurs when there is a defect in the cusp of a heart valve resulting in the leakage of blood though the closed valve.

A heart attack occurs when the supply of blood and oxygen to an area of the myocardium is blocked causing the death of the myocardium.

Acromegaly: hypersecretion of Gh during adulthood.

Cretinism: hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone during infancy and child hood.

Diabetes mellitus: inability of body to regulate blood glucose.

Diabetes type 1: fails to produce sufficient insulin

Type 2 diabetes: body becomes resistant to effects of insulin.

Dwarfism: hyposecretion of Gh during childhood.
Giantism: hyepersecretion of Gh during childhood.

Exophthalmia- abnormal protrusion of eyeball/s

Myxedema- adult hypothyroidism- reduced mental and physical energy ect

crystallized miernal chunks develop in reneal pelvis or calyces

kidney stones

kindey stones

renal colic- develops rhythmic muscle contraction of ureter attempts to dislodge it.

distension and dialaation of renal pelvis and calyces.

Stroke: hemiparesis, confusion, Blepharoptosia, ataxia, migrane

legal responsibilities: thoes that are authorized or based on law.

civil law- legal relationships between people and the protection of a persons rights.

criminal law- wrongs against a perso, property or society.

torts- wrongful acts that do not involve contracts.= occurs when a person I sharmed or injured because a health car eprovider does not meet the established or expected standards of care.
+ practicing without a license, misuse of nartocits, theft, murder.

malpratice: bad pratice/ professional negligence. failure of a prof to use th edegbree of skill and learning commonly expected in that individuals profession, resulting in injury, loss or damage to the person receiving care. (physician not administering at tetanus injection when patient has puncture wound)
negligence: failure to give care normally expected of a person in particular position.
EX: falls when siderails left down), physical abuse: hitting, forcing people against will, restrining, depr9ving of food, not providing physical care. verbal abuse: speaking harshly, sweairing, shouting, inappropriate words, threats. psychological abuse: threatinign harm, denying rights, belitting, intimidating, blackmail. sexual abuse: whooo babyyy!!!
Abuse: unexplained brusies, fracture, burn or injury, neglect signs (poor hygiene), irrational fears/ personality changes, aggressive or withdrawn behavior, statements indicating abuse or neglect.
any form of abuse be reported to proper authorieis.
defamation: false statements cause a person to be ridiculed or damage their rep. spoken: slander/ written: libel. (telling others person has a drug problem when other med condition actually exists)

contract- agreement between two or more parties.
- offer: competent individual enters into relationship with health care provider and offers to be a patient
- acceptance: the health care provider gives an apporimtnet or exam or treats the paitent
- consideration: payment made by patient made for services provided

implied contracts: obligations understood without verbally expressed terms.
expressed contracts- stated, distinct langu.

agent- when a person works under the direction or control of another person that is the principal, the person working is the agent.

health care records- patient has right to obtain copy of any information in record.
erasures not allowed, errors crossed out with readable single line, correct info insertion initialed and dated.

advance directives: (for health care) also known as legal directives- are legal documents allowing individual to state what med treatment do or do not want in event they become incapacitated cant express wishes.

living wils: docuents allow individuals to state what measures should or should not be taken to prolong life when their conditions are terminal. doc must be signed when individual is competent and witnexsed by two adults who cannot benefit from death.

Durable power of attorneyu (POA): permits individual known as a principal to appoint another person known as an agent to make any decisions regareding health care if the principal should become unable to make decisions.

PSDA: 1990 patient self determination act. mandates all health care facilities receiving federal aid comply with following:
1. inform every adult both oral and in writing of their right under state law to make decisions indluding right to refuse treatment.
2. provide information and aissistance in preparing advance directives.
3. dorument any advance directives on patients record.
4. written statmetns to implement the patients rights in decision making process
5. affirm there will be no discrimination bc of advance directives
6. educate staff on med and legal issues of advance directives

-perform only prodcedures you are trained and legally permitted too.
- use approved, correct, methods while performing any procedure.
- obtain proper authorization before perfoming any procedure
- identify patient and obtain consent before perfonrming any procedure
- observe all safety precautions
keep all info confidential
-think before you speak
- treat all patients equally
accept no tips or bribes
- any error occurs or you make a mistake report it to supervisor.
- - behave professionally

diagnosed people pay same amount, docs have only that amount to take car eof caner or whatev, keep whats left.

Diagnostic groups- diagnosed people pay same amount, docs have only that amount to take car eof caner or whatev, keep whats left. Medicare, medicade

Combined services- eliminates duplication, sharing labs ect HMO

Mass/bulk purchase- buying lots fort discounts comp inventory

Preventative care- immunization, physicals ect

Energy conservation-conserving energy/limiting wwaste

Outpatient services- limits hospital stay

AHCPR: agency for health care policy and research. Identifies standards of treatment.

home health care

Omnibus budged reconciliation act 1987- regulations for long term/ home health care

discovered oxygen

suregeon: established scientific surgical procedures/ tube feeding

james lind- prescribed lime juice with vitamin c for preventing scurvy 1795

smallpox vaccinee

blood transufsion 1818

stethescope 1819

program for nurse in germany 1836

encouraged handwashing to prevent puerpural fever

ether anesthetic 1846

chloroform

first female physician 1849

elizabeth andersen

lucy hobbs

florence nightnegale

international redcross

antiseptics 1865

detecting and differentiang betwen diseases, modern theory of immunity foundation, chmicals to eliminate microorganisms,

am red cross 1881

proving microorganisms, mili pasturization, rabies vacciene 1885

father microbiology, developed culture plate method

dimitri ivanofski

NY henery street settlement 1893

willhelm roengen
1895

almroth wright
1897

walter reed

identified how white lbood cells protect against diseasee

Frederick banting and charles best

frontieer nursing service
1925

john enders and Frederick robbines

alexander flemming

Gerhard domagk

pap smear

1944

killed polio virus vacciene 1952

first heart lung machiene used for open hearty surgery 1953

kidney transplant

oral live polio virus vacciene
mid 1950

1960

1962

liver transplant 1963

james hardy 1964/

medicare and Medicaid 1965 amendment to social security act marked entry of fed gov into health care arean as a major purchaser of health services

heart transplant

1970 synthesized a gene

= standards for HMO and provided alternative to private health insurance

genetic engineering= vaccines against helpatitis, herpes simplex and chicken pox 1980.
test tube baby 1970, CAT scan 1975, aminocentesis 1975

established regulations for education and certification of nursing assistants.

created agency for health care policy and research to deveop outcome measures of health care quality

NIH: National institutes of health: research of disease
Facilities: hospitals, long term ccare facilities LTS/ LTCF, independent living, assisted living, medical offices, optical centers, emergency care services, laboratories, mental health, rehabilitation, HMO, industrial health care centers, school care halth, home helath care, hospice, genetic councillilng. Clinic, dental offices

National institutes of health: research of disease

CDC: centers for disease control and prevention: causes, spread and control of disease in populations

Agency for health care policy and research: 1990 federal, research quality of health care and issue sstandards.

OSHA: occupational safety and health administration: establish/ enforce workplace safety.

US Department of health and human services:

-clysis- washing, irrigation

bile, gallbladder

sweelling, tumor, cavity, hernia

hand

chamber, enlarged spac

vagina

secrete

cold

skin

cell

well, easy, normal

producing

tear duct glnd

finger, toe

surgical union or fixation

to the right

through between part

pain

difficult, painful, bad

old age,elderly

sugar

without

pertining to

expnsion, dialation, stretchign

surgical removal of

vomit

tissue

uterus

breast

fungus

bone marrow, spinal cord

eardrum, tympanic membrne

cornea of eye

lip

abdomen

larynx

tonung

stone, calculus

ovary

testes

flow, discharge

normal straight

diasnostic exam

cutting into

all compelte entire

near besides beyond abnominal

reduction lack of

through by excessive

fixataion

rectum anus

droopping sag

pus

renal pelvis of kindey

kidney

seuture

flow discharage

rupture burst

speech

vein

breathing

tube, fallopian tube

hardening

malignant tumor of conn tissue

dryness, harness

cut

posiion, rot, infection

left

male germ

mouth

artificial opening

fused joined

thymus gland

clot

instrument that cuts

hair

chrushing by rubbing or grinding

nutrition, growth

urinary bladder