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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the respiratory tract's role in EXTERNAL respiration:
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carries oxygen to the lungs, and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs.
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Describe the respiratory tract's role in INTERNAL respiration:
(aka: cellular respiration) |
carries oxygen to body cells where it exchanges with carbon dioxide at the cellular level
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Internal & external respiration contribute to maintaining the body's _________ and _________.
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pH ; homeostasis
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Any deviations from normal:
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Anomalies
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Respiratory tract ______ produce thick mucus that bathes the upper tract to protect against ________.
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secretions ; toxins
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Secretions along with ______ prevent pathogens from entering the lower respiratory tract.
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cilia
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Thick, viscous
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tenacious
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Secretions collect because of excessive amounts of ________.
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mucus
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Basic respiratory rhythm and control come form the brain's _________.
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medulla
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Respiratory system may be affected by ________ controls, but final control is __________.
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voluntary ; involuntary
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When inadequate oxygen intake results from pathologic respiratory conditions that decrease pulmonary gas exchanges, ________________ is used as a treatment.
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oxygen therapy
(ie: COPD) |
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Because oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange is impaired in individuals with chronic respiratory diseases, carbon dioxide content of the blood tends to ______.
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rise
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CO2 levels are chronically increased with decreased ______________; due to this the respiratory center of the brain is relatively insensitive to CO2 stimulation, resulting in _________________________.
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blood oxygen levels;
decreased involuntary respiratory response |
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If involuntary respirations are less responsive, usually very low doses of oxygen are prescribed (1-2L/min) to stimulate respirations because larger doses of O2 will _________________________.
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further suppress involuntary respirations
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Mental confusion, sternal aching or burning, and dry, hacking cough, are all signs of ____________.
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O2 toxicity (high O2 levels)
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Excessive O2 intake for a long period of time can lead to ________ and _________.
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convulsions ; death
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The upper respiratory tract consists of the:
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nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and mouth
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Sx's of respiratory tract conditions include:
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sneezing, epistaxis, runny nose, dysphonia, itching, and congestion
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Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes:
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rhinitis
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Allergic rhinitis is caused by _______ release.
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histamine
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Nonallergic rhinitis is often a sx of __________.
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the common cold
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Chemical found in body tissue that protects from environmental factors that produce allergic and inflammatory reactions:
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histamine
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Principal action of histamine is vascular ______ and contraction of ______________ of the bronchial tree and gastrointestinal tract.
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dilation ; smooth muscles
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Difficulty breathing; subjective sensation of stressful breathing due to respiratory and cardiac exercise or anxiety
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dyspnea
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Nosebleed:
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Epistaxis
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Difficulty speaking or hoarseness
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Dysphonia
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Antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn, and intranasal glucocorticoids, all may be used to treat:
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allergic rhinitis
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Decongestants are used to treat:
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allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis, coryza, or the common cold
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Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose with a profuse nasal discharge:
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coryza
commonly called a "head cold" |
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Hypersecretion of nasal fluids because of allergies may necessitate use of antihistamines in order to block ____________ and to prevent __________ from causing edema, inflammation, and itching.
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histamine1 (H1)-receptor sites;
histamine |
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Antihistamines are most effective if taken ____________.
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before contact with allergy-causing compounds.
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Antihistamines are not effective against histamines that have already attached to ___________.
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receptor sites
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Antihistamines are considered _________ because they don't provide protection over a long period of time, and are more likely effective at the beginning of allergy season.
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palliative
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Alleviating a sx without curing the condition causing the sx:
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palliative
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Antihistamines fail to reduce the _______ that frequently accompanies seasonal allergic responses such as hay fever.
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asthma
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True of False?
Tolerance to antihistamine drugs can develop. |
True
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Histamine can also cause motion sickness, so OTC antihistamines can also relieve sx's such as:
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motion sickness, vertigo, hay fever, allergic coughs, allergic rhinitis, and allergies to insect bites and contact dermatitis
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Many OTC drugs contain ________ as sleeping aids.
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antihistamines
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Antihistamines can causing ______ effects and resultant buildup of pressure in the _______.
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drying ; eye
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Weak, slow body movements caused by lack of muscle coordination or impaired muscle tone
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dystonia
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Symptoms of motor imbalance and lack of muscle tone:
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Extrapyramidal symptoms (effects)
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Vasoconstricting agents that shrink the swollen mucous membranes of nasal passages, resulting in decreased nasal drainage, used to relieve nasal congestion:
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Decongestants
(come as both oral and nasal preparations) |
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Patients with hypertension (HTN), hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus (DM), or ischemic heart disease are instructed to use OTC ____________ with care.
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decongestants
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True of False?
Decongestants and Antihistamines must not be combined. |
False.
They are often combined.... but care should be taken to keep dosage in safe range. |
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Decongestants, topical and oral, are for short-term use, with ______________ occurring with just a few days of constant use.
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rebound congestion
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With topical decongestant nasal agents, the possibility of of rebound congestion becomes _________ as the effect of nasal spray wears off.
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greater
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Topical decongestants are inappropriate for patients with ________ rhinitis symptoms because discontinuation of topical sprays often produces severe congestion for several days until mucous membranes adjust to lack of medication.
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chronic
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Due to the danger of rebound congestion, the time limit for topical decongestant use on a regular basis should be ________.
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5 days
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Relieves allergic rhinitis by preventing release of histamine after allergen exposure
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cromolyn sodium (Nasalcrom)
*More effective if used before onset of allergic sx's caused by histamine *Should be used throughout allergy season bcuz approx. a week is needed to be effective *Not effective for nonallergic rhinitis |
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Fluticasone (Flonase) is an example of:
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nasal glucocorticoids
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Used when prolonged effectiveness for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis is needed; suppresses sx's of allergic rhinitis (ie: congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, & erythema)
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glucocorticoids
(nasal) |
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Agents that relieve or suppress coughing
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antitussives
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Agents that block the parasympathetic nerve impulse
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Anticholinergic agents
(aka: anticholinergics) ie: causing dilation of the pupil |
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Cold-Eeze & Zicam are examples of:
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Zinc-based products
*used for common cold sx's *zinc gluconate glycine (Zicam) *Zicam: given in forms of dose spoons, nasal sprays, swabs, gels, and tablets that melt in the mouth & may cause loss of smell and taste |
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A unique blend of herbal extracts, vitamins, electrolytes, and amino acids for a boost to the immune system.
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Airborne
*to be used for prophylaxis against the common cold *effervescent tablet & lozenge forms |
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Lack of sense of smell:
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Anosmia
*caused by zinc-based sprays |
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Used to suppress cough intensity and frequency while allowing secretions to be eliminated:
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Cough preparations
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URI:
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upper respiratory tract infection
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A cough that contains blood expectorated from either the oral cavity or another part of the respiratory tract
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hemoptysis
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When coughing is prolonged or spastic, __________ may occur
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hemoptysis
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A _________ cough from COPD should NOT be suppressed.
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productive
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The 2 major groups of antitussives:
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opiod and nonopiod
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Group of antitussives that contain hydrocodone, are Schedule III medications, and require a prescription:
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opioid cough suppressants
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Opioid antitussives that are Schedule V medications that may not require a prescription (based on state laws)
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codeine cough suppressants
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Codeine suppresses both cough frequency and intensity by elevating the cough __________.
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threshold
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Codeine preparations can have gastrointestinal side effects, whereas, ___________ do not.
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nonopioid cough suppressants
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The bronchial tree and lungs make up the __________________.
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lower respiratory tract
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When lower respiratory tract diseases occur, exchanges of O2 and CO2 cannot occur in the single-layered capillaries of __________, resulting in serious alterations of blood gases.
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alveoli
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Lower respiratory tract diseases:
List 2 acute conditions... List 2 chronic conditions... |
Acute: pneumonia, acute asthmatic attacks
Chronic: COPD (irreversible), emphysema |
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Chronic lower respiratory conditions like COPD and emphysema may lead to:
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bronchiectasis and atelectasis
*COPD & emphysema also eventually lead to a gas exchange problem resulting in chronic cough, susceptibility to infection, difficulty in engaging in physical activity |
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An airless condition in the nonexpanded lung
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atelectasis
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Abnormal condition of bronchial tree characterized by irreversible dilation and destruction of bronchial walls:
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bronchiectasis
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With lower respiratory diseases, lung damage is irreversible; but palliative relief of sx's is possible via:
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bronchodilators and mucolytic agents used along with breathing exercises and O2 therapy
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Corticosteroids can reduce the swelling of the _____________.
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bronchial tree
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A condition caused by an antigen-antibody reaction resulting in wheezing, shortness of breath, and a feeling of suffocation from constriction of bronchioles:
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Asthma
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During asthmatic attacks, when bronchiole constriction and increased secretions are present, _____________ are used for relief.
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bronchodilators
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Also used for chronic and acute relief of asthmatic attacks are ____________ agents, such as glucocorticoids and cromolyn.
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antiinflammatory
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Agent that acts to transmit nerve stimulations in the parasympathetic nervous system; drug that mimics the parasympathetic nervous system:
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Cholinergic agents
*(ie: causing constriction of the pupil in the eye) |
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Pts with chronic respiratory diseases have excessively thick, tenacious sputum that must be thinned for ___________.
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expectoration
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The act of spitting out saliva or cough materials from the air passages
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expectoration
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Drugs that react with mucus to make it more watery... thus the cough is more productive, sputum is easier to expectorate, and mucus retention is prevented.
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Mucolytics
(aka: mucokinetic agents) |
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Pt must increase _________ intake when using mucolytics.
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fluid
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A normal secretion from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract:
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Mucus
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An abnormal secretion originating in the lower respiratory tract:
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Sputum (mucus & saliva)
*may contain pathologic microorganisms |
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Agent that decreases the viscosity or thickness of sputum or other secretions of the respiratory tract:
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Mucolytics
*They destroy/lyse thick secretions |
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Renders coughs more productive by stimulating respiratory tract secretions to decrease viscosity of mucus:
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Expectorants
*(ie: guaifenesin) |
