MEDSURGERY- [B] DIABETES TEXT

a chronic MULTISYSTEM disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilziation or both.

the most powerful risk factor for type 2 diabetes is

tissues do not respond to aciton of insulin

where are most insulin receptors located

when insulin is used improperly, the entry of glucose into the cell is impeded resulting in

play a role in glucose and fat metabolism and are likely to contribute to type 2 diabetes

a cluster of abnormlaities that act synergestically to greatly increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

characterized by insulin resistance, elevated insulin levels, high triglycefrides, decreased lipoproteins HDLS anad increased LDLs and hypertension.

in type 2 diabetes, sufficient insulin may prevent what from occuring, but with hyperglycemia

what are the classic symtpoms of the rapid type 1 diabetes

the intermediate, prediabetic, stage between normal glucose homesstasis and diabetes is called

Test that is not used for diabetes diagnostics, but shows amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin molecfules over time, 120 days, indicated overall glucose control for 90-120 days or the life of a redbloodcell

what is the idea A1C result for diabetics

all individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin

t/f

lantus, which lacks a peak time, is a good type of insulin because it can be taken once daily and has reduced risk for

overdose of insulin occuring usually during sleep hours, a decline in glucose level.

in the wakening hours , majority of people have the dawn phenomenom

drug of choice for type 2 diabetes because of the decreased chance of prolonged hypoglycemia

what is the primary action of sulfonlureas

taken just before meals, this oral agent increases insulin from pancrease, mimicking the normal blood glucose response to eating. take 30 min before mealtime. do not take without food

ex) metformin/glucophage

reduces glucose production by the liver and enhance insulin sensitivity at tissue level and improve glucose transport to cells

oral agent that slows down the absorption of carbs in the small intestine. take with meal.

Test that is not used for diabetes diagnostics, but shows amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin molecfules over time, 120 days, indicated overall glucose control for 90-120 days or the life of a redbloodcell

what is the idea A1C result for diabetics

all individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin

t/f

lantus, which lacks a peak time, is a good type of insulin because it can be taken once daily and has reduced risk for

overdose of insulin occuring usually during sleep hours, a decline in glucose level.

in the wakening hours , majority of people have the dawn phenomenom

drug of choice for type 2 diabetes because of the decreased chance of prolonged hypoglycemia

what is the primary action of sulfonlureas

taken just before meals, this oral agent increases insulin from pancrease, mimicking the normal blood glucose response to eating. take 30 min before mealtime. do not take without food

ex) metformin/glucophage

reduces glucose production by the liver and enhance insulin sensitivity at tissue level and improve glucose transport to cells

oral agent that slows down the absorption of carbs in the small intestine. take with meal.

when used alone, this will NOT cause hypoglycemia...insulin sensitizers

in type 2 diabetics, what is a nutritional goal

a diabetic diet should be

diabetics and alcohol is bad...if havae to drink, eat with alcohol, eating carbs is good.

patients taking insulin such as sulfonylureas or meglitinides are at increased ris for hypoglycemia if there is activity or excercise

t/f

what ethnicities have the biggest prevalance of diabetes

what are risk factors for diabetes

what are visual signs of hypoglycemia

frail elderly patients living alone are at risk of hypoglycemia and should take oral agents that do not cause hypglycemia such as

diabetics should pay most attention to what two areas

caused by a profound deficinecy of insulin characvtericed by hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis and dehyrdation....most likely in type 1 diabetics...

what are acidic byproducts of fat metabolism that can cause problems when excessive in blood

when insulin is insufficent what happens

a severe depletion of electrolytes, and hypovolemia occurs...renal failure occurs from hypovolemic shock and then ketones and glucose retenetion occurs, untreated pt become dehydrated. eventual death

signs and symptoms of DKA

condition where patient is abl;e to prodcue enough insulin to prevent DKA but not enough to prevent hyperglycemia. THIS CAUSES MORE NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS AND IMPAIRED THIRST, INABILITY TO REPLACE FLUIDS

HHS manages what , which is the major difference between HHS and DKA

insulin reactions occur most devastatingly when OA or insulin is

hypoglycemia should be treated when

how do you treat HYPOGLCEMIA?

should hypoglycemic treatment include sweet foods

one of the leading casues of diabetes related deaths, the rest are due to cardivocascular disease and stroke.

diseases of the LARGE and medium size bv that occur with graeter frequency an oearlier onset with diabetics

smoking increases the risk for daiebtics deaths

what results from thickening of the vessel membranes in cappilaries and arterioles in response to chronic hyperglycemia

the process of microvascular damage to retina as a result of chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics

damage to small bv that supply glomeruli of the kidney

THE LEADING CAUSE OF END STAGE RENAL DISEASE

what is critical to prevention of diabetic nephropathy

nerve damage that occurs because of metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellaitus.

most cfommon is SENSORY

what leads to the loss of sensation in lower extremities

most common form of sensory neuropathy affecting the peripheral nervous system ---- hands or feet....curshing burning pain, worse at night. only treatment is bg control

affects all bodyt systems leading to hypoglycemic unawareness...delayed gastric emptying is major complication....erectile dysnfunction., neurogenic bladder develips...

MOST COMMON CAUSE OF HOSPITALIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES IS

a major risk for lower extremity amputation. loss of sensation prevents pat from aware of foot injirtys.