Mem & Cog Exam 1

Rationalism - all knowledge is innate (nature)

use reasoning

Empiricism - experience is source of knowledge

use observation

observation --> theory

theory --> hypothesis

British Empiricist

mind develops through experience
use informal introspection

determine rules of science - objective or subjective

Structuralism
elements of conscious experience
trained introspection

Functionalism
mental processes
introspection and objective observations

Behaviorist - science of overt behavior
E.g. Pavlov's dogs (S-->R)

intervening variables, infer these variables through overt behavior
S-O-R

animals have expectations
create routine, change things up, look for disruption in behavior

monkey with banana under cup, switch to lettuce, see if looks under other cups
-shows animals can have intentions, make associations (cog. processes)

vary size of smaller and larger number
-lesson on how to conduct an exp. and infer cog. processes

s-O-r
Observe and then infer

Scanning through STM:
Serial or Parallel (S)
Self-Terminating or Exhaustive (E)

Whole report procedure (4-5 items)
Partial Report: 76% correct

Pre-attentive, veridical, pre-categorical, large capacity, quick forgetting/decay rate

Varied delay of signal:
image available until 300ms

Random dot patterns:
column A, B superimposed
if present A and then B less than 300 ms after, see superimposed image

Fixation Field --> Matrix w/ letters --> Blank or Mask

Evidence of Pre-Cat store:
Matrix with both letters and numbers
tone cues response: either recall row or recall letters/numbers

preserves stimulus for further processing

clean eyes every 330ms
brain signals eye to blink and then inhibits incoming info, brain processes icon and processes while closed

Eyeblink (Saccade)
light in mouth, see through mouth
change intensity (when eye closed, open, blink)

rapid involuntary eye movement
habituation otherwise

saccades all over sentence, page every 200 ms
don't take in new info during saccade

Light (light) Light
-alt. which light on (right or left) and fixate
-detect light intensity while fixating (100%)
-then vary intensity while switching (poor detection)

Landscape, then either blank or mask
-present 270ms. better recognition with no mask
-present 370ms, no difference

-damage to occ. lobe w/ no conscious vision
-several visual pathways

-identifies "what" objects are
-ventral
-conscious

-identifies "where" in location, or "how" to get there
-dorsal
-unconscious

-selective
-omit, add, and distort features to produce organized rep.
-perception is "hard"

3D world on a 2D retina
-lose info
-make psychology perception 3D reality

what's on retina really rich set of subtle cues giving info about reality

assumes info arriving at sense doesn't completely explain, so we need to compute a rep.

E.g. Dime tilted is actually a circle
E.g. Door - rectangle or trapezoid

Square or Diamond?
Shape rule

Compute perceived size = Ret. Size + Perceived Distance

-nature of physical stimulus
-physiological system
-knowledge of the world

"data driven"
-initiated by data arriving at the sensory store

"conceptually driven"
-conceptual knowledge influences the process or interpretation of lower level perceptual processes

1) Id objects
2) Navigate in the environment

can't id objects from visual input
-see objects but can't give meaning

can't recognize faces
-damage to ventral stream

-where brain recognizes faces

-mental copy of environmental stimuli
-need exact copy to id

-recognize things never seen
-need infinite # templates

-clean up stimuli
-normalize size
-rotate

"Multiple View"
-best match
-include pre-processing ops.

Template Matching and Prototype
-multiple reps. in memory
-patterns recognized wholistically
-view dependent
-assume pre-processing

-have one rep. in memory
-composed of features that go together (geons)
-break down into component parts and then see relations to each other

Selfridge: Demons
Image, Feature, Cognitive, and Decision Demon

evidence we break stimulus down into features
-single cell recording

area on retina that a neuron is responsive to

collections of 200+ neurons that all have same receptive field

use both viewer and objective centered theories

bottom-up only
-but we recognize ambiguous stimuli
-read faster in context

Words in random or meaningful order with white noise in background

ID of isolated words in normal speech is poor
-normal convo in normal room (95% id)
-isolate words and put in random order (id 50%)

Phonemic Restoration Effect
-present non-word (crogress) and replace phoneme

Consistent/Inconsistent scenes (football player and priest)
-id object or background after quick presentation and mask

Priming in LDT
-no prime or prime
-faster when related prime beforehand

1) selectively attend
2) some processing of unattended info (ability to switch)

DLT: remember only physical characteristics of unattended message
-present or absent, male or female

LDT: chance recog. and minimal memory of words presented in unattended ear
-very little processing
-supports Early Selection

Early Filter/Bottleneck, Late Selection (Filter), and Resource Capacity

-attend only one message at a time
-process both for physical analysis only

-not adaptive (can't switch to important task)
-research shows we do process (somewhat) unattended stimuli

-shows limitation of Early Selection
-"At the ballgame...word word"
-"Word word...the pitcher threw"

-process both messages for physical and meaning, then select

-assumes memory for meaning of unattended
-perhaps it's in unconscious (implicit memory)

-shadow, present 16 homophones in unattended
- (some have bias word: "window" pane)

-xxx--> wrist (slow)
-palm --> wrist (fast)
-palm (mask) --> wrist (still fast)

Kahneman, 1973
-finite pool of attentional resources, allocate pool

DLT: with same message repeated
-light intensity changes

-see square, then compatible (circles with a square, and square distractor)
-incompatible, see square, circles with squares but triangle distractor

DLT: switch from attended to unattended when light changes intensity
-ability to selectively attend predicts accident records

1) require few resources
2) extensive training
3) rarely conscious
4) occurs w/o intention (Stroop)

unintended, often automatic actions inappropriate for current situation

-only supposed to read bottom word (top word a flanker)

-read stories aloud for comprehension
-or, read aloud and dictate other words

failure to consciously perceive clearly visible objects (in center of visual field)

-Late Selection theory: still processing, just unconsciously
-intuition: unconscious processing

-experienced golfers putting from different spots
-C1: divided attention --> hear "thorn" and say aloud
-C2: focused attention --> focus on swing, say "stop" at end of swing

-novice and experienced soccer players dribbling around cones
-C1: divided attention ("thorn")
-C2: focused: hear tone and report if last touched ball with inside or outside

in parallel distributed processing, simultaneously process all aspects of (ex. red ball rolling)
-how are all these features bound as a unified perception?

1) when processing, do pre-attentive processing (parallel feature analysis) - free floating, not attached

-two numbers, report bigger font
-meanwhile, an F (or X) and a distractor (O) digit appear in periphery in either red or greeen
-report whether X or F presented
-report in what color

-patient who can't focus attention
-show either blue square or green circle

-Pashler
-against capacity theory, which says that limits correspond to task demands and individual response capacity

-Simple Tasks
-present "1" and press red key; see "2" press green key (left hand)
-Task 2: "A" = left key; "B" = right key (all with right hand)

T1 more difficult: Capacity
-Task 1: P -- S1 / RS / Ex R1
-Task 2: -- P S2 / RS / Ex R2
-takes same time

T2 more difficult: Capacity
-Task 1: P S1 / RS / Ex R1
-Task 2: -- P --- S1 / RS / Ex R2

Curvilinear:
-Low arousal = low performance
-Med arousal = high performance
-High arousal = low performance

-Phase 1: recruits learn ditching procedure and lists personal belongings
-Phase 2:
-Exp: on plane, think going to crash, told to remember D procedure and belongings
-Control: not going to die, but list D and belongings

Group 1: different levels of cortizone (cortisol/stress)
Group 2: control

1) Arousal takes up attentional capacity
2) Arousal reduces # cues used to direct performance

-lower arousal
-overlearn response (so that more capacity available for arousal)

-Low: low performance
-Med: low performance
-High: high performance

-Normal Y-D curve

-Low: high performance
-Med: low performance
-High: low performance

unwanted thoughts often interfere with attention
-Ex. quitting a bad habit, always think about it

Report stream of consciousness
-Group 1: Expression (can think of white bear, ring bell) then Suppression (don't think of bear, but ring bell)
-Group 2: Suppression then Expression

when suppressing, do "controlled distractor search"
-this is conscious and takes up resources
-soon, all distractors associated with forbidden thought

-demand characteristics
-introspection used

e.g. towards feet

e.g. towards head

Memory set, search cards to see if they have letter (distractors)
Cat. Condition: one pool for mem set, different one for distractor
Mixed condition: one big pool for them all

became auto in C Condition only
shows that through practice, it becomes auto
need consistency