Mem & Cog Exam 3

PM: remembering to perform an action in the future
RM: memory for past events

1) Important for everyday life (more failures, embarrassing)
2) Failures can have serious consequences (1/2 Americans take med)
3) Little research despite importance and prev.

1) Engage in ongoing task (e.g. LDT)
2) In addition, PM task (e.g. press Q when see "rake")

for RM, it is cued recall - given "train" and requested to search memory
for PM, given "Katherine" but no request to search mem

1) capacity consuming process (in part)
2) monitoring necessary for PM retrieval

ongoing task, vary if have PM task or not
if have PM, LDT responses slowed down than if no PM task

1) remembering to perform action in future is critical
2) adaptive to have flexible system that uses a variety of mechanisms

-occurrence of a cue that has been associated with an intention can cause an intention to pop into mind even when not monitoring
-retrieval occurs in response to a target mem

1) During planning, people form an assoc between target and intended action
2) later, when target cue encountered, an assoc system (hippocampal) delivers intended action to consciousness (KEY is making assoc)

Discouraged monitoring by having 1 target item, emphasized importance of ongoing task and de-emphasized PM task, delayed onset of one target event for a long time (500 trials after instructions)

Key variable: focal (SR) and non-focal (monitor)

when ongoing task encourages processing of the target and especially those features processed at encoding
-SR likely (e.g. press Q when see rake)

ongoing task doesn't encourage processing of target at encoding
-Monitoring likely (SR unlikely) (e.g. press Q when see word that begins with "r")

give image rating task with PM intention (press Q when see rake)
then, suspend PM task for later (should be no monitoring then) - do LDT task purely for speed, yet still present old PM target 5 times

mixed findings (some show effects, some don't)

3 blocks of LDT (Control - no PM, Focal - see printer, Nonfocal - see c word)

1) although people form strong intentions, they are often general (e.g. take BP later)
2) people must form II, more specific (e.g. when x happens, I'll do y - take BP at breakfast)

teach women to examine breasts daily (by video); either make general or imp. intention (where and when will examine vs. will examine)

in half of deaths, parent forgets child - cause of irresponsible parenting or PM failure?

Declarative - memories that can be consciously recalled
includes episodic and semantic mem

1) mems about episodes ("I remember")
2) associated with a particular time and place (I had a hamburger for dinner)
3) autobiographic (personal past); only happened once

1) general world knowledge ("I know")
e.g. vocabularly

use sem mems to create ep mems (e.g. have conversation at Starbucks, but remember later)
at one time, sem mems were ep mems (when you learn something)

motorcycle accident, all he remembers are SM, not Ep Mems (e.g. know has car, can't remember driving it)
also can't think about future

think about episode vs think about planet's orbit

EM: conscious and deliberative use of mem (e.g. free recall, recog)

change in speed and accuracy and bias in test phase processing of an item due to study phase experience with item
-effect in IM

1) Perceptual ID - present items quickly (35 ms); detect old items better than new items
2) Word Fragment Completion - _ef_; _ab_e - know more old fragments
3) LDT - faster responses to old words

-find that variables have an effect on one component of the cog system but no effect on another component

-do either deep (pleasantness) or shallow (rhyme) task
-be tested either with EM test (recog) or IM test (Perc. ID)

-give 96 pics, name image (dog, apple)
-1/2 items test by recog (EM), 1/2 by pic naming test (speed of response - IM, old and new pics)

-give placebo or drug, learn list of words
-delay, let effects of drug (or placebo) wear off
-give either IM or EM test

aging only effects EM, not IM

perception w/o awareness, but behavior affected
-1956 - Drink Coca-Cola movie theater (sales went up)

present at fast speeds 20 irregular octagons (10 ms)
-1/2 items tested by recog; 1/2 items tested by preference test

show incidental ads, test with IM or EM tests

-Different mem systems responsible for processing IM and EM
-supports parallel dist. processing

conscious and meaningful analysis of events, keeps record of that processing (e.g studying)
in hippocampal / medial temporal lobes

automatic and unconscious perceptual analysis (e.g. pattern recog) and keeps record of it
in occipital - temporal stream / temporal auditory cortex

-Normal, dense amnesiacs, and MS (epileptic, no right occ. lobe) as participants
-read 24 items (conscious process) - 1/2 recog, 1/2 Perc ID (16.7 ms)

-Automatic Ret - unconscious: prior exposure leads to more fluent processing (faster, easier)
-feeling of familiarity
-just need prior exposure

an EM test not entirely controlled ret. (some IM too)
e.g. see dog - circle dog (don't remember it but know it)

see face on bus, say I know him, figure out it's the butcher

1) Automatic ret. stimulates a conscious ret. search (e.g. Butcher on bus)
-aging and divided attn affect controlled ret.

-read 40 non-famous names; either with full attn. or divided attn (1 digit every 2 seconds, press key if hear 3 consecutive odd digits)
-told all Ps names not famous
-give fame rating task (old non-famous, new non-famous, famous) - interested if rate old non-famous as famous b/c fimiliar

give recog test (10 old NF not presented during test phase, and 10 new non-famous)

Thought: there before but attn divided; so once there again, familiar feeling but can't remember actual context
Actual: false though - old adults have less deja vu

False - only veridical for 300 ms, then a construction of a representation
-use bottom up and top down, add and omit

relating what you're learning to what you already know (but we supply info not in original message)

we add these necessarily true inferences at comprehension

we add reasonable but not necessarily true inferences

-give series of pics (long-haired dude goes into barbershop, comes out with short hair)
-either immediate test (pic of actually getting hair cut) or test 1 week later (same false pic)

Typical events, NOT atypical ones

-read Native American folk story to English boys; many elements foreign to them

in retrieval we use info from both memory storehouse and from knowledge of world (schema) to reconstruct what probably happened

-script of restaurant scene, does not mention about patron paying bill
-recog test about confidence in seeing sentences in story

-read story about "Carol Harris" (Helen Keller's real name)
-1 wk delay - was sentence "She was deaf, dumb, blind" in story?
-some right before recog test told that Carol was Helen Keller's real name or not told anything

read list of words that all have to do with concept of sleep (but "sleep" not on it)
-either immediate or delay recall

1) Background knowledge (that "sleep" is related to other list words) becomes folded into mem for list w/o participant intended it to

-remember the source from which information originated
-mistaking one's own thought for an event (did I shut the garage door or just think i did)

show 350 words; 1/2 followed by pic of word, 1/2 by black rectangle (mental image word)
-test: see word or imagine it?

-show slide show of crash scene
-fill out questionnaire regarding scene
-some questions misleading (did car pass other car when stop at yield sign - when really it was a stop sign)

-short film of crash scene, estimate speed at which cars were going when collided
-alternate verb: "hit" / "smash" / "bumped" etc

1) Stronger with longer delay
2) Works better with peripheral events rather than central

1) Children do delay in divulging abuse, but will tell all (not in denial); can answer open-ended questions fine
2) Suggestiveness of interview indexed by interviewer bias (not leading question - it's the bias of Q and response to the A)

-experimenters read list of letters, Ps typ on computer
-some have confederate, some don't (some lie, some don't)
-either experimenters read fast or slow
-pressing ALT key ruins program

-two real events, one false (1-2 grade); either have class pics from that year or not
-hear events, respond if can remember/image
-during week, think about the false mem

-judge if famous or not (20 and 20)
-pronounce nonfamous (40)
-test if famous or not (40 new famous; 20 old non-famous, 20 new NF)
-recog test (10 old non-famous read in Phase 2 but not tested in Phase 3)

-No context (XXXX, Dark), Context (Hot, Cold), or Generate (Low, ???) conditions
-normal effects on EM test, but also given IM test (tachistoscopic)

Hear sentence, rate how interesting (some true, some false; some told if true before [man's voice vs women's voice])
-rate credibility when presented later

-presented with some sentences
-burst of noise, judge how loud (within each burst is a sentence)

-witness staged crime; 3 day delay, see mug shots of people alleged to be in crime (weren't though)
-4 more day delay, asked to ID guilty person from lineup

1) Encountered stimulus before
2) Due to prior exposure, now more fluent in processing
3) Detect that fluency is greater than expected

a conclusion you draw, based on a feeling (of specialness) that is triggered by the stimulus

Perceptual - skill will only emerge if you encounter that exact stimulus
Conceptual - combination of ideas, so altering stimulus won't matter

-either see list of words, then do LDT; or hear list of words and do LDT

requires less detail, makes communication more efficient

memory for an event can be altered by info after event

1) Introduce delay between event and misinformation
2) Slip in misinformation
3) Delay before final test

misinformation effect more likely when people don't detect discrepancy between original event and misinformation

1) Hear event, have memory
2) Hear question, have memory for question
3) After delay, becomes a blended memory, lose source of information (source confusion)

1) No abuse
2) Therapist believes: memories faithful, sexual abuse rampant, and wide ranging sx

-3 true events, 1 false event (lost at shopping mall when younger - emotional)
-think about false event for one month