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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Are viruses obligate intracellular parasites
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Yes
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Are viruses particles with a DNA or RNA genome
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Yes
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Are viruses agents that direct synthesis of viral components using cellular systems
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Yes
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How do viruses reproduced (generalized term)
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de novo assembly
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Are viruses cells
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No
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Are viruses autonomous
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No
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Are prions viruses
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No
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Are viroids viruses
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No
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Are viruses mobile genetic elements
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No
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Are viruses alive
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No
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What are viruses (in one sentence)
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Sub-cellular particles made of nucleic acid, protein and sometimes lipid that reproduce by de novo assembly
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What are viroids
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Naked infectious RNAs that do not contain or encode any proteins
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What is the genome of a virus made of
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Either DNA or RNA
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What is the capsid of a virus
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Protein shell surrounding and protecting genome
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What is the envelope of a virus
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Lipid bilayer surrounding and protecting capsid
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What are the parts of a virus
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Genome
Capsid (optional) envelope with surface proteins |
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Do RNA viruses often have segmented genomes
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Yes
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Are most viruses haploid or diploid? Exceptions?
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Most haploid, retroviruses are diploid
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What are the features for classification in viral taxonomy
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Genome type and genetic organization
Size and shape Presence or absence of envelope Capsid symmetry (Not phylogeny) |
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What are the stages of viral replication
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Entry
Uncoating Gene expression Genomic replication Assembly Release |
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What are the stages of viral entry into a cell
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Attachment
Penetration |
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What do neutralizing antibodies do to viruses
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Bind and block viral entry into cell by interfering attachment to cell
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What is the most common mechanism of entry and uncoating of viruses into cells
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Endocytosis followed by release from endosome, and uncoating
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What is polyprotein processing as it relates to viral replication
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Multiple proteins produced from single initiation even. Polyproteins are cleaved by proteases creating functional proteins
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RNA synthesis for RNA viruses is carried out by what
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Virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases
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What are two possibilities for viral assembly into an envelope
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Envelopment of a preformed viral capsid
Assembly and envelopment are occur at the same time (coupled) |
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What are the methods of viral release from a cell
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Lytic release
Non-lytic release: With budding (enveloped viruses), Without budding (non-enveleoped or ones enveloped at internal membrane) |
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What are the two periods of viral growth
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Eclipse period, exponential growth period
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What are the viral replication patterns that were discussed
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Lytic infection
Persistent infection Chronic infection Latent infection |
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Describe a lytic infection
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Accumulation of viruses in the cell followed by lysis, releasing progeny
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Describe a persistent infection
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An infection that lasts indefinitely
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Describe a chronic infection
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A persistent infection in which viral replication is continuous (eg. hep B/C)
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Describe a latent infection
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A persistent infection in which viral production is not continually present
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Which mutates faster/more RNA viruses or DNA viruses
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RNA viruses
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What are the viral factors governing viral spread
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Viral stability and delivery route
Degree and duration of infectivity Pathology Antigenic variation Immune evasion Animal reservoirs |
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What are the host-factors governing viral spread
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Population density
Social factors Herd immunity Public health Medical care |
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Why is proper identification of a virus important
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Key to treatment
Identify proper support measures Guide choice of antiviral drug |
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What does serology do (as it relates to viruses)
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Detects amount and type of anti-virus antibodies
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What are some characteristics of serology
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Inexpensive and rapid (usually an ELISA)
Non-invasive Quantitative: amount of Ab Temporal: IgM vs IgG |
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What are some advantages and disadvantages to using diagnostic techniques aimed at detecting viral products
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Often can detect virus earlier than serology
Detects only ongoing infections |
