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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Host?
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???
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What is Normal Biota>
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All over Body, Surface or opening.
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Endogenous Infection
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Normal biota takes advantage. Opportunistic organism
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Exogenous Infection
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Someone coughs on you and gets you sick.
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True Pathogen
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the Worse its job is to infect even if you are healthy
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Opportunistic Pathogen
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???
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Virulence
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???
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5 Phases of Disease
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Period of Incubation
Period of Prodromal Symptom @this point you still have a chance to fight. Period of Acme Period of Decline Period of Convalescence |
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7 Steps to Establishing Disease
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Portal of Entry
Infectious Dose Attach to Host Cells Survive Host Defenses Establishment Disease Portal of Exit |
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What are some portal of Entries
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Respiratory
Digestive |
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Subjective Parts of being sick
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Symptoms - What the patient feels
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Objective part of being sick
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Signs - See measure record
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Syndrome
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Set of signs and symptoms
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Signs of Blood Infection
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Fever WBC Bacteremia Viremia Septicemia
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2 categories for how you get sick
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Direct Contact, Indirect Contact
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Direct Contact Examples
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Sex, Shake Hands, Kissing, Droplets (sneeze) Vertical
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Indirect Contact Methods
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Food and h20 Fomites (touch item by sick person, then you touch it, Vector (mosquito transfer, Carriers (people carry it and spread, Reservoirs (water, soil)
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Nosocomial Infections
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Hospital Acquired - Staph, strep Grods
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Most common Nosocomial
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#1 UTI 40%
#2 Surgical sites #3 Respiratory |
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What are UPs?
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Universal Precautions
Wash Hands Gloves Mask |
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In Epidemiology what report does the CDC put out?
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Morbidity and mortality report
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Prevalence
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Total number of cases in the population
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Incidence
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Number of new cases at the time
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Morbidity Rate
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Number of people who are sick
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Mortality Rate
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Number of people who have died
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Communicable Diseases
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Contagious easily spread
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Non-Communicable Diseases
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Not easily spread like cancer, Diabetes
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Endemic
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Small Village size
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Epidemic
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City or State Size
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Pandemic
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World Wide
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Primary Illness
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Healthy then gets sick
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Secondary Illness
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If you are already sick, you have a cold and you get pneumonia
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Acute Sickness
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Comes and goes quick
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Chronic Sickness
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Sticks around a long time
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Local sickness
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tonsillitis
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Systemic
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Cancer - it spreads
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Reportable Diseases
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Diseases that can hurt others or be spread.
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1st and 2nd line of defense are called...
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Non specific defenses
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2 categories in the 1st line of defense are...
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Physical - Chemical
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Examples of Physical barriers in portals of entry
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skin, mucus membranes ear wax nose hair
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example of chemical barriers in the portals of entry
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stomach acid, low ph urine, lysozyme, interferon, sweat
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what happens during the second line of defense
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Phagocytosis - Cell Eating
Inflamation all WBC run to area bad fever 104 NK cells (cancer cells complement (30 or more proteins in blood that complement t and b cells) |
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4 signs of inflamation
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turns red
gets warm swells up pain 5th loss of function |
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how is puss made
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cell eating and inflamation
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Specific Defense
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The 3rd line of defense - T Cells and B cells
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Whose job is the immune system
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The 2nd and 3rd line of defense
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Job for the immune system
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• 1. Surveillance of the body (blood, internal stuff)
• 2. Recognition of enemies (antigens) • 3. Destruction |
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What makes tcells special
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They know who they are fighting
Eukaryotic Pathogens, Nasty bug with a nucleus Protozoans fungus cancer cells tissue transplant |
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what makes b cells special
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make antibodies - they look like y
mostly they target viruses, sometimes bacteria and then seldom toxins they are neutralizer |
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Stemcells come from.....
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Bone marrow
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To become a T cell you...
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Travel to the thymus, grow up and become immunogompetent then travel to the lymph nodes
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to become a B Cell you...
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Stay in the bone marrow 3-4 days then become immunicompetent then travel to the lymph nodes
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t cells systems are called the
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CMI systems
cell mediated immunity |
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B cells systems are called the
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AMI systems
antibody mediated immunity |
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IgG
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80%
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IgA
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Colostrum
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IgM
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the nosey neighbor
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IgE
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Allergies
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IgD
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Membrane
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Tcells
Cytotoxic Helper - CD4 Suppressor Memory Cells |
?
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4 Categories to become immune
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Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired Passive Immunity Artificially Acquired Active Immunity Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity |
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Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
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get sick
exposure |
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Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
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Mom
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Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
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Vaccine
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Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
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• Antiserum – Gamma globulin can be a treatment or prophylaxis
• Antitoxin vs Toxin Antitoxin is the treatment and toxoid is to give immunity Vaccine Bacteria Virus Toxoid |
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First Mass produced Vaccine
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Polio - Salk Killed Inactivated
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First Live virus
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Polio Sabin Live Attenuated
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1st generation virus
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whole virus
bacteria toxoid |
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what is first exposure called
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the primary antibody response
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how long does the primary antibody response take
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14 days - then you are left with memory cells
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When you get sick again what is it called
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the second antibody response
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how long does the secondary AB response last
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1-2 days - you dont feel it b/c it does too fast
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2nd generation vaccination is made with....
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cell pieces
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3rd generation vaccines are made with...
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clones
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What is an allergy
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a hypersensitivity of the immune system
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what are the 4 types of allergic reactions
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type 1 immediate hypersensitivity
type 2 antibody mediated hypersensitivity type 3 immune complex mediated hypersensitivity type 4 t cell mediated |
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Immediate hypersensitivity
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o within 2 or 3 minutes you see a reaction
o IgE, Mast Cell, Histamine o Treat with Antihistamine |
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Antibody Mediated Hypersensitivity
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o The cell is the invader
o IgG, IgM, Complement o treat with antiserum |
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Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity
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o 2 stick together ex. (Ab-Ag) AMI
o IgG, IgM, Complement |
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T cell mediated Hypersensitivity
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T cells are the cause
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What are the 2 levels of severity with type 1
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anaphylaxis
atopy (common allergy) |
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how to treat type 1 allergy
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• Epinephrine
• Benadryl • Cortisone |
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What is atopy
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• Hay fever
• Asthma • Food Allergy • Drug Allergy • Eczema • Hives |
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What is the cell invader with type 2 allergies
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Blood
• Mixing blood types • Hemolytic Disease Rh Factor |
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What is the issue with type 3 allergy?
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Type 3 is usually an autoimmune disease
• Your body stops recognizing you as yourself and starts attacking you • lupus is an example - complement comes along and trys to help but it destroys part of you in the process • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Treatment is immunosuppresses |
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How does one react with Tcell allergy>
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Type 4 is your Tcells going crazy 2-3 days
• Contact Dermatitis- • Infection Allergies |
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What are the 4 types of grafts
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Autograft
isograft allograft xenograft |
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autograft
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the perfect graph, it comes from you
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isograft
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identical twins also same dna
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Allograft
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donation between same species
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Xenograft
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Different Species (pig heart)
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What is graft vs Host?
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the graft rejects you
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What is brutons agammaglobulinemia?
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• No Mature b-cells
• no plasma cells • no antibodies • no memory cells • no ami |
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What is Di George Syndrome?
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• No Thymus Gland
• No Mature t cells • No Memory • No CMI |
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What is Scid?
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• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
• Gene Therapy • empty lymph nodes |
