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151 Cards in this Set
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Streptococcus sp.
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chains of spheres
strep throat and pneumonia |
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Proteus vulgaris
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rods (stained to show peritrichous flagella)
urinary tract infections |
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Clostridium sp.
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endospore producing rods
tetanus botulism gas gangrene |
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Escherichia coli
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rods
urinary tract infections gastroenteritis |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
hint: 2 r's in gonorrhoeae, prefix that means two is what? |
diplococcus arrangement
gonorrhoea |
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Borrelia burgdorferii
hint: two r's two t's |
spirochette
lyme disease |
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Bacillus anthracis
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endospore producing rods
anthrax |
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Vibrio cholera
hint: the "c" |
curved rods
cholera |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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clusters of spheres
furuncles carbuncles scaled skin syndrome |
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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palisade arrangement of rods; picket fence or Chinese letter pattern
diphtheria |
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Mycobacterium sp.
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rods
leprosy tuberculosis |
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Treponema pallidum
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spirochette
syphillis |
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pupose of
differential stain |
show differences in structure
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the primary stain for gram stain is
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crystal violet
basic stains cells |
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Mordant (for gram stain)
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grams iodine
causes tight interaction with organism (adheres better) |
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the most critical step in the gram stain procedure is
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decolorizor
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decolorizing does what?
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removes color from gram negative bacteria
is 95% ethyl alcohol |
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counter stain
in regard to gram staining |
gram negatives have no color so you must counter stain with saffernim to give the pink color
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basic (simple) stain
negative stains |
has a + charge
bacteria have a - charge the attraction of opposite charges gives bacteria color |
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acid stains
negative stain also called background stain |
have a - charge
bacteria have a - charge the charges repel each other and colors the background and leaves the bacteria clear |
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the stain used for negative staining is
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nigrasin
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if you overdecolorize
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you will have all clear cells, will not be able to properly distinguish negative from positive
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crystal violet turns both + and - bacteria
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violet
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grams iodine
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increasing the interaction between the bacteria and the dye
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counter stain
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gives gram - bacteria a red color
doesn't do anything to gram + |
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if you underdecolorize
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you will end up with all violet cells indicating gram +
will falsely identify gram - and gram + |
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Bacillus cereus is
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gram +
hot dog shaped rods in pairs or chains |
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Enterobacter aerogenes is
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gram -
single small rods |
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Escherichia coli is
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gram -
rods |
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Serratia marcescens
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gram -
single rods |
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Micrococcus luteus is
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gram +
spheres in pairs |
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why are acid fast stains done
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because we interested in diagnosing mycobacterium as major organisms
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acid fast stains
stain what kind of cell walls |
mycolic acid walls
|
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mycolic acid walls are
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hard to stain because of waxy wall
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endospores don't.....
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stain easily
they resist decolorization for survival |
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the 2 genre that have endospores are
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clostridium and
baccilus |
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germination is when
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an endospore turns into a cell
|
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sprogenesis or
sporulation is when |
a cell creates (turns into) an endospore
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malachite green is used to
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stain endospores
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safranin stains......what
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cells
not endospores |
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malachite green is difficult because
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it is hard to see endospores
|
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what is the function of capsules
|
attachment
retard phagocytosis prevent desication |
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capsules make bacterial cells more
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virulent
|
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often a pathogenic bacterium with a thick capsule wall will be
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more virulent than a strain with little or no capsule since it protects against phagocytic activity of host's phagocytic cells
streptococcus pneumonaea is an example |
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the purpose of flagella stain is to
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show true motility
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monotrichous flagella
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is on one end
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lophotrichous flagella
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are many flagella only on one end
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amphitrichous flagella
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is a single flagella on both ends
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peritrichous flagella
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are flagella located all around a cell
|
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purpose of
subculture |
transfer microbes from 1 culture media to another using aseptic technique
|
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advantages of pipetting
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measure the amount of material to move
do dilutions dispence chemical reagents |
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types of pipettes
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blow out (serological)
mohr measuring |
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with the blow out pipette
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the final few drops of liquid must be emptied to deliver correct volume of liquid
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with the mohr pipette
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after the proper amount of liquid has been delivered, liquid will remain in the tip of the pipette and should not be eliminated
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safety precautions for using the pipette
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carry 2 handed to prevent puncture wounds
do not bend opened end with cotton filter first |
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the yellow rings indicate
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a serological pipette
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mL on the pipette indicates
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the total volume
|
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1/1000
the fraction listed on the pipette indicates |
gridation
how the pipette is divided |
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always measure where on the pipette
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the bottom of the meniscus
|
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when do you touch the pipette with bare hands?
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never
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ARM
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SUPPORT THE NOSE PIECE AND BODY TUBE
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BASE
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SUPPORT THE ENTIRE SCOPE, IS THE BOTTOM BASE OF THE SCOPE
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FEET
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PROVIDE STABILITY AND REDUCE VIBRATION
|
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OCULAR LENS
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1. MAGNIFY 10X
2. LOOK THROUGH IT |
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REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
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IS THE SILVER RING, HOLDS THE OBJECTIVES AND ALLOWS YOU TO CHANGE THE OBJECTIVE LENSES
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SCAN OBJECTIVE, TOTAL MAGNIGICATION
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40
|
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SCAN OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
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4X
|
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LOW POWER OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
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10X
|
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LOW POWER OBJECTIVE TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
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100
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HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
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40
|
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HIGH POWER TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
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400
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OIL IMMERSION MAGNIFICATION
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1000X
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OIL IMMERSION TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
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1000
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OBJECTIVE LENSES
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MAGNIFIES
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DEFINE:
MAGNIFICATION |
MAKE LARGER
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DEFINE:
TOTAL MAGNIFICATION |
TOTAL OF TWO LENSES: THE OCULAR TIMES THE OBJECTIVE
|
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FUNCTION:
STAGE |
WHERE SLIDES ARE PLACED
|
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FUNCTION:
MECHANICAL STAGE |
MOVES AND POSITIONS THE SLIDE
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MECHANICAL STAGE CONTROL KNOBS
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CONTROL THE POSITION OF THE SLIDE
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STAGE CLIP
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SECURES THE SLIDE
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SCREWS: LOCATED UNDER THE STAGE AT THE 10 & 2 LOCATION
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CONTROLS THE AIM OF THE LIGHT BEAM
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SCREWS: LOCATED AT 12 O'CLOCK
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HOLDS THE CONDENSER
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CONDENSER LENS
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CONDENSES LIGHT
FOCUSES LIGHT TO WHERE THE SLIDE / SPECIMEN IS |
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FILTER--ON CONDENSER
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FILTERS OUT LOW ENERGY LIGHT TO GIVE THE BEST HIGH ENERGY LIGHT
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IRIS / DIAPHRAGM
IN CONDENSER |
CONTROLS HOW MUCH LIGHT GET THROUGH (A LEVER)
|
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CONDENSER CONTROL KNOB
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CONTROLS CONDENSER POSITION
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LIGHT INTENSITY WHEEL
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CONTROLS LIGHT INTENSITY
1 = NONE HIGH POWER = 4-6 OIL IMMERSION 8-10 |
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FINE ADJUSTMENT
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FINE TUNE ADJUSTMENT
USE IN OIL IMMERSION |
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COURSE ADJUSTMENT
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ROUGH TUNE
USE IN ALL OBJECTIVE EXCEPT OIL IMMERSION |
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DEFINE
RESOLUTION |
CLARITY, THE ABILITY TO DISTINGUISH TWO POINTS AS SEPARATE POINTS
|
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TIPS FOR IMPROVING RESOLUTION
|
1. FOCUS
2. CLEAN LENSES, SLIDE 3. ADJUST LIGHT INTENSITY 4. ADJUST IRIS / DIAPHRAGM 5. FILTERS 6. CONDENSER ALL THE WAY UP? 7. OIL..MAKE SURE OIL IS IN THE RIGHT PLACE |
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DEFINE
PARFOCAL |
WHEN FOCUSING ON LOW POWER THE OBJECT SHOULD BE FOCUSES IN A HIGHER POWER AND SHOULD ONLY NEED FINE TUNING
|
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DEFINE
PARCENTRIC |
IF CENTERED ON LOW POWER SHOULD BE CENTERED IN HIGHER POWER
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DEFINE
FIELD OF VIEW |
AREA WITHIN EACH OBJECTIVE; THE VIEWING ARE DECREASES AS MAGNIFICATION INCREASES
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WORKING DISTANCE
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THE TIP OF THE OBJECTIVE TO THE SLIDE SURFACE; THE HIGHER THE OBJECTIVE THE LOWER THE WORKING DISTANCE
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COURSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB IS NEVER TO BE USED ON WHICH OBJECTIVE (S)?
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HIGH POWER
OIL IMMERSION |
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HANGING DROP SLIDE
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION |
ALLOWS YOU TO LOOK AT MOTILITY
IS A SLIDE WITH A DEPRESSED AREA |
|
DEFINE
NONMOTILE |
NOT MOVING
COCCUS ORGANISMS MOVE ERRATICALLY IN THEIR AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS |
|
DEFINE
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT |
ERRATIC MOVEMENTS IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS; FROM THE RANDOM MOTION OF WATER MOLECULES BOMBARDING THE BACTERIA CAUSING THEM TO MOVE
|
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DEFINE
TRUE MOTILITY |
ORGANISMS THAT CAN MOVED THEMSELVES
|
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TYPES OF TRUE MOTILITY
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1. FLAGELLAR--HAVE FLAGELLA
2. CORK SCREW--SPIROCHETTES HAVE AXIAL FILAMENTS 3. GLIDING MOTION---GLIDES OVER MOIST SURFACES |
|
media
sterilization is |
process of rendering a medium or material free of all forms of life
|
|
media
autoclaving |
is steam under pressure
121 degree's c under 15 ob psi for 15 mins+ |
|
media
dry heat sterilization |
good for surgical or dental instruments
temp 160-170 ' celcius for 2 hrs+, no temp above 180'c |
|
media
bacteriological filter |
removes bacteria, larger microorganisms from the solution and sterilizes w/o heat
|
|
media
uv radiation |
great of surfaces
drawback--> not good for penetrating |
|
media
ETO ethylene oxide |
good for penetration
good for packing material animal hide hills by covalently attaching cell proteins |
|
nutrient preps
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give organism nutrients and environment to grow
|
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what are the 3 media types
|
broth
semisolid solid |
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agar makes media
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solid
|
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liquid media
|
grows large numbers of bacteria/microbes
for biochemical testing fermentation studies (turns from red to yellow) |
|
semisolid media
|
can check for motility
growing organisms that don't like oxygen |
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solid media
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grow a lot of bacteria at the surface
maintain pure cultures can store things in biochemical test |
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agar plate
|
petri dish
nutrient prep with agar in it |
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agar deep
|
test tube
must go into autoclave |
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agar slant
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cools in a slanted position to allow more growing surface area
|
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agar pour
|
when liquified pours into a plate
|
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when a substance is chemically defined
|
it is composed of known amounts of pure chemicals
|
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when a substance is complex/ undefined media
|
will have peptone
or extract in the name |
|
growth patterns
facultative |
turbid and diffuse
grows anywhere |
|
growth patterns
aeorobic |
organism are located at the top close to the surface
|
|
growth patterns
anaerobic |
settles on the bottoms
|
|
growth patterns
micro arophiles |
just below the surface, none beneath the center
little air lovers |
|
growth patterns
floculance |
puff balls layered below the surface
|
|
media types
broad spectrum microbes |
grows a lot of different things
|
|
media types
general purpose |
has nutrients that a lot of things like
|
|
what are the types of general purpose media
|
nutrient agar (NA)
nutrient broth (NB) tryptic soy agar (TSA) tryptic soy broth (TSB) |
|
selective media does what
|
inhibits growth of certain microbes
encourages growth of others |
|
what are the four selective media names
|
eosin methyline blue EMB
Phenylethanol agar PEA Mannitol salts agar MSA Sabarourands agar |
|
selective media
EMB is and does? |
eosin methyline blue
inhibits gram + while encouraging Gram - |
|
selective media
PEA |
phenylethanol agar
inhibits gram - encourages gram + |
|
selective media
MSA |
selective for pathogenic staphylococcus
inhibits others bc of salt content- is 72% salt Mannitol salts agar |
|
selective media
SA |
sabourand's agar
isolation of fungi inhibits bacteria drops pH |
|
differential media
DOES WHAT |
GROWS SEVERAL TYPES OF MICROBES BUT HIGHLIGHTS DIFFERENCES
|
|
differential media
THREE TYPES OF BA BLOOD AGAR |
ALPHA HEMOLYSIS
BETA HEMOLYSIS GAMMA HEMOLYSIS |
|
differential media
ALPHA HEMOLYSIS |
PARTIALLY DIGEST RBC'S LEAVING A GREENISH DISCOLORATION AROUND COLONIES
|
|
differential media
BETA HEMOLYSIS |
COMPLETELY DIGEST RBC'S PRODUCING CLEAR ZONES AROUND COLONIES
|
|
differential media
GAMMA HEMOLYSIS |
NO RBC DIGESTION, AGAR APPEARS UNCHANGED EVEN THOUGH LYSIS OCCURS
|
|
differential media
EMB EOSINMETHYLENE BLUE |
DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN LACTOSE FERMENTERS AND LACTOSE NONFERMENTERS
|
|
differential media
MSA MANNITOL SALTS AGAR |
DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN MANNITOL FERMENTERS AND NONFERMENTERS
|
|
REDUCING MEDIA
|
FAVORS ANAEROBIC ACTIVITY
ABSORBS OXYGEN OR REDUCES THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN |
|
differential media
DOES WHAT |
GROWS SEVERAL TYPES OF MICROBES BUT HIGHLIGHTS DIFFERENCES
|
|
REDUCING MEDIA
THE MAIN REDUCING MEDIA IS |
THIOGLYCOLLATE BROTH
|
|
differential media
THREE TYPES OF BA BLOOD AGAR |
ALPHA HEMOLYSIS
BETA HEMOLYSIS GAMMA HEMOLYSIS |
|
differential media
ALPHA HEMOLYSIS |
PARTIALLY DIGEST RBC'S LEAVING A GREENISH DISCOLORATION AROUND COLONIES
|
|
differential media
BETA HEMOLYSIS |
COMPLETELY DIGEST RBC'S PRODUCING CLEAR ZONES AROUND COLONIES
|
|
differential media
GAMMA HEMOLYSIS |
NO RBC DIGESTION, AGAR APPEARS UNCHANGED EVEN THOUGH LYSIS OCCURS
|
|
differential media
EMB EOSINMETHYLENE BLUE |
DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN LACTOSE FERMENTERS AND LACTOSE NONFERMENTERS
|
|
differential media
MSA MANNITOL SALTS AGAR |
DIFFERENTIATES BETWEEN MANNITOL FERMENTERS AND NONFERMENTERS
|
|
REDUCING MEDIA
|
FAVORS ANAEROBIC ACTIVITY
ABSORBS OXYGEN OR REDUCES THE AVAILABILITY OF OXYGEN |
|
REDUCING MEDIA
THE MAIN REDUCING MEDIA IS |
THIOGLYCOLLATE BROTH
|
