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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Klebsiella cause?
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UTI's, pneumonia
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What does Proteus cause?
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UTI's
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What is the description of Vibrio cholerae?
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gram -, facultative anaerobe, single polar flagella
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How is cholera spread/
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spread by consumption of contaminated shellfish or water
|
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What does vibrio cholera cause?
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gastroenteritis and death by dehydration
|
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what type of toxin is cholera?
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A-B toxin
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how does the cholera A-B toxin work?
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A toxin enters, increases cAMP production, this causes an outflow of ions, water flows, massive dehydration
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what two types of campylobacteria cause gastroenteritiis?
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c. jejuni and c. coli
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what is the gram status and shape of helicobacter pyloris?
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gram -, ALL shapes
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|
This system consists of two types of nerves:
1. Sensory and motor. Sensory nerves get information from throughout the body and transmit it to the central nervous system. 2. The motor nerves carry messages from te brain to the body |
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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what is the shape and gram status of psuedomonas aeruginosa?
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gram - rods
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where are p. aeruginosa found?
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soil, hospital surfaces, water
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what are the virulence factors of p.aeruginosa?
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capsule (biofilm former), exotoxin a (inhibits protein synthesis), elastase, phospholipase c, LPS, pili, Abx resistant
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|
describe the gram status, shape and arrangement of haemophilus influenzae?
|
gram -, pleomorphic, rods or coccus
|
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what type of h. influenzae is most pathogenic?
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type B
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what type of diseases does h. influenzae cause?
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meningitis in newborns and children, pneumonia and pharyngitis in adults
|
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what is the vaccine for h. influenzae?
|
at first they only used a polysaccharide --> didn't work for kiddos, now they use polysaccharide + protein --> conjugate vaccine, prevents meningitis in kids
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what is the gram status, shape of bordetella pertussis?
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gram - cocci, strict aerobe
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what does b. pertussis cause and how is it spread?
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aerosol spread, causes whooping cough
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what toxin is important to virulence of b. pertussis?
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pertussis toxin --> AB toxin, increased cAMP causes increased mucus
|
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what diseases does legionella pneumophilia cuase?
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legionnaire's disease, pneumonia, and pontiac fever (influenza like)
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where is l. pneumophilia commonly found?
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cooling towers of air conditioning systems
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what type of immunity do you need to recover from an l. pneumophilia infection?
|
cell mediated immunity
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name the gram status, shape, and oxygen preferences of bacteroides species?
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gram - rods, anaerobic
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what are bacteroides species found?
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mouth (esp. gingival crevice) and GI tract
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what diseases do bacteroides species cause?
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trench mouth (necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis) and periodontal disease
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what can a bacteroides infection be treated with?
|
clindamycin
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where can bacteroides fragilis cause disease?
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mouth, organs, GI tract
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what is the gram status and shape and oxygen preferences of porphyromonas gingivitis?
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gram - cocci, anaerobic
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how does p. gingivitis contribute to periodontal disease?
|
contains a collagenase that breaks down collagen
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what two bacteria form black pigmented colonies on agar?
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privotella intermedia and porphyromonas gingivalis
|
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what genus are oral spirochetes in?
|
Treponema
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what is the gram status and oxygen preference for oral spirochetes?
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gram - anaerobe
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what disease does treponema pallidum cause?
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syphillis
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what are the stages of syphillis?
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primary stage- chancre forms, second stage- bacteremia, tertiary stage- organ damage, and neurological damage
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how are spirochetes visualized?
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dark field microscopy- light shone from the side
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how is syphillis treated?
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penicillin G
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what is the shape and arrangement of bordella burgdorfori?
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gram - spirochete
|
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what disease does b. burgdorfori cause?
|
lyme disease
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what is the vector of b. burdorfori?
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tick
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what are the symptoms of b. bergdorferi?
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rash around tick bite, can have neurological symptoms, cardiac dysfunction, arthritis
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what is the gram status of mycoplasmas?
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nothing, they don't have a cell wall
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what disease do mycoplasms cause?
|
pneumonia
|
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how do you treat mycoplasm disease?
|
fluoroquionolones, tetracyclines, erythromycin
|
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what is the gram status and shape of rickettsia?
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gram - cocci
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what is unique about rickettsia's lifestyle?
|
cannot be grown on agar, obligate intracellular parasite
|
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how are rickettsiae disease spread?
|
arthropod vector
|
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what diseases are caused by rickettsiae?
|
rocky mountain spotted fever, q fever
|
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what does rickettsia prowazekii cause?
|
typhus, transmitted by louse, get into RBC's
|
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what is the disease and treatment caused by rickettsia rickettsiae?
|
rocky mountain spotted fever, spread by ticks, treated with tetracycline
|
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what is unique about the chlamydia species?
|
obligate intracellular parasites
|
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what disease does c. trachomatis cause?
|
chlamydia, asymptomatic carriers, co-infection with gonorrhea, causes inflammation in fallopian tubes, can cause eye infections
|
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what is the shape, arrangement and gram status of Neisseria?
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gram - diplococci
|
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What two diseases are caused by Neisseria?
|
meningitis and gonorrhea
|
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what is interesting about neisseria?
|
they are fussy feeders, have to supplement media to get them to grow, can't survive on fomites, sensitive to drying, heat, disinfectants
|
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what organisms cause meningitis in newborns?
|
listeria, e.coli, streptococci agalactiae
|
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what organisms cause meningitis in over 6 months?
|
n. meningitidis, h. influenzae, s. pneumoniae
|
|
what is the most common cause of meningitis?
|
neisseria
|
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who is most at risk for meningitis by neisseria?
|
kids and young adults
|
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how is neisseria spread?
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aerosolization, secretions, human carriers in "institutional settings"
|
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what virulence factors does neisseria have?
|
capsule, endotoxin-LPS, pili, adhesins, IgA protease
|
|
what happens after exposure
|
colonizes in epithelial cells gets into blood vessels, crosses blood brain barrier, grows in the CSF, shed endotoxin, stimulate macs, cytokine release, vascular hemorrahges and coagulation of blood
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how is meningitis treated?
|
high dose penicillin
|
|
what is the epidemiology of n. gonorrhoeae?
|
2nd most prevalent STD in the U.S., incidence exceeds report because there are a lot of asymptomatic carriers, sexually transmitted, causes pelvic inflammatory disease and septic arthritis, 2-7 days after colonized you get painful urination and pus OR NOTHING
|
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what virulence factors does neisseria have?
|
no capsule, fimbriae (for sticking), pili (have great antigenic variation, hard to make vaccine), IgA protease, B lactamase (breaks down penicillin)
|
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how is gonorrhea treated?
|
cephalosporin which is a B lactam (only has a penicillinase)
|
|
how is gonorrhea recognized?
|
men: 2-7 days after infection, mild discomfort in urethra, pain during urination and pus. women: IF symptoms then painful urination and discharge of pus
|
|
what organisms are in the enterobacteriaceae family?
|
escheria, salmonella, yersinia, lebsiella, proteus
|
|
what are the characteristics of hte enterobacteriaceae family?
|
GI flora that cause GI disease (nosocomial infections), they are DRUG RESISTANT, can also cause lower respiratory diseases and UTI's
|
|
what are the shape, gram status and oxygen preferences of E. coli?
|
gram -, facultative aerobe, rods
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where are e.coli usually found?
|
normal gut flora
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what diseases can e.coli cause?
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UTI, sepsis, bacterial cystitis
|
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what toxins are important for e.coli's virulence
|
enterotoxic e.coli --> traveler's diarrhea, enterotoxin stimulates your cells to release fluid, enterohemorrhagic e. coli --> EHEC H7:0157, kidney failure, anemia, fatal
|
|
shape, gram status and oxygen preferences of salmonella?
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gram -, facutlative aerobe, rods
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where is salmonella found?
|
NOT part of human flora
|
|
how is salmonella transmitted?
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food/water contaminated with feces + asymptomatic carriers + carry in gallbladder
|
|
describe salmonella typhi?
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typhoid fever, severe diarrhea, you ingest ~1,000 bugs --> invade Peyer's patches in GI --> Type III secretion system --> divides inside cell --> ulceration --> blood stream
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describe salmonella typhimurium
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enterocolitiis, comes from poultry and eggs, milder disease, enterotoxin, type III secretion (bugs get into cells)
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shape, oxygen preferences and motility for shigella?
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gram - facultative rods, non motile (NO flagella)
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how is shigella spread?
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humans reservoir, fecal oral transmission
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what two species of shigella are medically important?
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s. sonnei and s. fleneri
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what is the important toxin in shigella?
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shiga toxin- an exotoxin disrupts protein synthesis
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shape, oxygen preferences, and virulence factors for Yersinia?
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gram - facultative anaerobe, rod
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what does Y. pestis cause?
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bubonic plague, NOT enteric, flea vector, septic virulence factors, coagulation and hemorrhage and necrosis
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what does Y. enterocolitica cause?
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gastroenteritis, severe abdominal pain, found in farm animals, pets, fish, veggies, drinking water
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what does Y. pseudotuberculosiss cause?
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replicates in the lymph nodes
|
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what are the six pathogenic gram positive genera?
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staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, clostridium, bacillus, listeria, and cornyebacterium
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which gram + pathogenic bacteria are spore forming?
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bacillus and clostridium
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what shapes are most of the gram - pathogenic?
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rods, cocci, spirochetes
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which are obligate intracellular organisms?
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chlamydia and rickettisiae
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which have branch filamentous growth?
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actinomyces and nocardia
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which are acid fast or partially acid fast?
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mycobacteria and nocardia
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which do not have a cell wall?
|
mycoplasma
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describe endospores, what is unique? what are they?
|
one cell makes one endospore, happens in harsh conditions, can withstand high heat, takes 6-8 hours to make, starts to dehydrate and produce DPA (only when forming spores), DPA stores Ca and protects from oxidative damage, makes spore coat proteins, most will become active in moisture (takes about an hour to have live growing bacteria)
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lab work involving spores?
|
hard to stain because they have tough protein coat and peptidoglycan cell wall, you can classify bacteria by location of spore
|
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what is the gram status, shape, arrangement and oxygen preferences of bacillus anthracis?
|
gram + spore forming rod, facultative aerobe, diplobacillus or streptobacillus
|
|
what are the six pathogenic gram positive genera?
|
staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, clostridium, bacillus, listeria, and cornyebacterium
|
|
which gram + pathogenic bacteria are spore forming?
|
bacillus and clostridium
|
|
what shapes are most of the gram - pathogenic?
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rods, cocci, spirochetes
|
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which are obligate intracellular organisms?
|
chlamydia and rickettisiae
|
|
which have branch filamentous growth?
|
actinomyces and nocardia
|
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which are acid fast or partially acid fast?
|
mycobacteria and nocardia
|
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which do not have a cell wall?
|
mycoplasma
|
|
describe endospores, what is unique? what are they?
|
one cell makes one endospore, happens in harsh conditions, can withstand high heat, takes 6-8 hours to make, starts to dehydrate and produce DPA (only when forming spores), DPA stores Ca and protects from oxidative damage, makes spore coat proteins, most will become active in moisture (takes about an hour to have live growing bacteria)
|
|
lab work involving spores?
|
hard to stain because they have tough protein coat and peptidoglycan cell wall, you can classify bacteria by location of spore
|
|
what is the gram status, shape, arrangement and oxygen preferences of bacillus anthracis?
|
gram + spore forming rod, facultative aerobe, diplobacillus or streptobacillus
|
|
what virulence factors does b. anthracis have?
|
capsule-polysaccharides, spores, toxins,
|
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Describe b. anthracis toxins?
|
protective antigen gets complexed with edema factor --> edema toxin which causes fluid accumulation (can't get neutrophils and phagocytes to the area), PA also gets paired with lethal factor --> lethal toxins which lyses macs and has metalloprotease (stimulates macs to produce cytokines)
|
|
describe cutaneous anthrax infection?
|
red area within 12-36 hours, can become septic, about 20% mortality rate, contagious
|
|
describe inhalation anthrax?
|
inhale spores, macs pick up spores --> massive LN swelling, not contagious because it is sequestered in the lymph nodes
|
|
describe GI anthrax?
|
grazing animals, 100% mortality
|
|
how is anthrax treated?
|
ciproflaxin (fluoroquinolone), some bacillus are resistant to penicillin
|
|
can we vaccinate against anthrax?
|
yes, military is vaccinated but cannot eradicate because in soil and animals and is stockpiled
|
|
what does B. cereus cause?
|
food poisoning, it is an enterotoxin, can get infected by ricce
|
|
what is the significance of B. stearothermophilus?
|
test for your autoclave
|
|
what is the gram status, shape and oxygen preferences of listeria monocytogenes?
|
gram +, rods, motile at room temperature, facultative intracellular pathogen
|
|
why is CMI important for Listeria infections?
|
it can live and replicate inside cells, listerolysin O allows it to be released into the cytoplasm of the cell, can shoot into neighboring cells by actin rockets
|
|
What diseases does Listeria cause?
|
food poisoning or meningitis in newborns, need cell mediated immunity to treat but can also add in penicillin
|
|
what is the gram status and shape of corynebacterium?
|
gram + rod
|
|
where can you find corynebacterium?
|
normal flora of respiratory tract, GI, and skin
|
|
what diseases are caused by corynebacterium diptheriae?
|
diptheria, get a sore throat which forms a tough thick pseudomembrane that is highly vascularized
|
|
what is the method of action for diptheria toxin?
|
A-B toxin, A subunit stops translation
|
|
what is the treatment for diptheria?
|
antitoxins will neutralize the exotoxin, antibiotics remove source of toxin (penicillin and erythromycin), vaccine: toxoid
|
|
what is the gram status and shape of clostridium?
|
gram +, bacillus, anaerobe
|
|
describe c. perfringens?
|
causes gas gangrene, can cause myonecrosis, has a high mortality, toxins: histotoxin- hydrolyzes host cell membrane, massive tissue damage, bleeding, superantigens- I/S activation, enterotoxin- GI
|
|
describe c. tetani?
|
soil, GI tracts of animals, any exposure to dirt, vaccination: DAT (artificial ACTIVE immunity because it is a toxoid), tetanolysin- hemolysin, tetanoplasmin --> A-B neurotoxin, get spasms and paralysis
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe c. botulinum?
|
exotoxins-> neurotoxins, A-B toxin that blocks acetylcholine release, muscles can't contract --> lung collapse , antitoxin blocks but we can't cure the damage
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe c. difficile?
|
give clindamycin --> pseudomembranous colitis
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
describe the gram status, shape, and O2 preferences of Lactobacillus?
|
gram + aerotolerant anaerobe, acidogenic and acidouric
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
describe unique features of actinomyces?
|
filamentous growth
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
what happens with an a. israeilli culture?
|
get clumps of orange bugs "sulfurgranules"
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
gram status, shape, and arrangment of mycobacterium?
|
acid fast, weakly gram +, clustering "cords" growth
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
what is the progression of mycobacterium tb?
|
primary infection: bugs --> lungs (macs take up), CMI walls of infection, active live bacteria inside macs; secondary infetion: reactivation
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
how do you treat mycobacterium tb:
|
isoniazid or rifamycin: both cause liver damage
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
where can m. avium be found?
|
shower heads
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
|
what is the treatment of m. avium?
|
isoniazed, rifampin
|
