Micro Vaccines

IgG across placenta; receptor mediated; by week 40 fetal IgG > materal IgG levels; both protective and potentially harmful transferred

cellular: T & B-Lymphocytes; neutrophils; non-cellular: IgA (not absorbed but acts locally), Lysozyme,lactoferrin); decreases infant mortality risk; Reduced infections: diarrhea, acute respiratory infections, otitis media, meningitis; reduces SIDS

administration of preformed human antibodies; tetanus, diptheria antitoxin, HepA, HepB,; monoclonal antibodies; immunity temporary; risks (antigens, anaphlaxis); only if no alternative (horse can lead to serum sickness)

requires stimulation; vaccine should be immunogenic, non-infectios, no adverse side effects*

no link between autism and MMR; IOM in may 2004 said childhood vaccines are not associated w/ autism

live / live attenuated; inactivated: whole cell, fractions, polysaccharide-based, DNA

live vaccine; bacterial superinfection, eczema vaccinatum, generalized vaccina, congenital vaccina / pregnancy, immune deficeny, eczema, burns, psoriasis

weakened form of wild virus/bacterium

very effective and immunogenic, bacteria must replicate to be effective, immune response similar to natural infection, just need 1 dose to be effective

potential reversion to pathogenic form; interference from circulating antibody; risk of disease in immunocompromised persons; side effects (hypersensitivity, allergy); development and insurance expensive for developer

MMR, yellow fever, chickenpox ( + shingles ) **, influenze; oral polo; rotavirus;tuberculousis (BCG)**; oral typhoid

herpes varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox and shingles; given to children for chicken pox and adults > 60 for shingles

BCG vaccine (attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis); individual efficacy variable; herd immunity possible; may result in PPD positivity*

organisms kileld / inactivated by heat, chemicals

no risk of reversion to pathogen; predominantly TH2 reponse;

poor immuno compared to live; inactivation drops important epitopes; immunity short lived; may not elict IgA response; frequent booster shots generally required; larger doses must be used

kileld viruses require multiple doses for immuity; live virus replicate so no booster needed

Bacteria (cholera, pertussis (not used)); Viruses (HepA, Polio (salk)**, Rabies)

Inactivated - Salk, injected, systemic immunity; attenuated - Sabrin, oral, local and systemic, virus in gut replicates, Herd immunity); both effective

only one case since 1979 - used live attenuated oral poliovirus (OPV); 4 doses of inactivated polio virus (IPV) at 2 mons, 4 mos, 6-18 mos, 4-6 yrs

Subunits: HepB, flu, acellular pertusis, HPV, anthrax; toxoid - diptheria, tetanus

isolate gene of interest, plasmid, insert into vector, transfect, harvest antigen for vaccine

for flu; 6 months or older; healthy people and chronic medical conditions; shot; includes subunit preps of 2 flu A and 1 fluB viruses; grown in eggs

healthy persons 2-49 who are not pregnant; intranasal; grown in eggs

classical killed bacteria vaccine no longer used; acellular vaccines (inactivated pertussis toxin + other components (adhesion factors etc); currently recommended*

recombinant vaccinel *includes antigens from 4 types of papilloma viruses (quad; 6,11,16,18); 16 & 18 cervical cancer); types 1,11,16,18 for genital warts; for females 9-16 recommended for girlsd 11-12; aprove for males 9-26 yrs

from exotoxins; chemically/heat modified and inactivated; retains immunogenicity; antobodies to toxoid neurtralize toxin; highly effective,safe; examples - diptheria, tetanus

bacteria used w/ are flu type B, pneumonia, meningitis; poorly immunogenic in children < 2; short lived repsonse; IgM antibodies; minmimal memory; conjugated vaccines induce T cells; iGG

plamid DNA is attached to gold beads and beads shot into arm via gun

low immunogenicity, potential safety issues (autoimmune, antibiotic resistance); plasmids taken up by dendritic and muslces cells and genes expressed

severe allergic rxn to vaccien compnent of prior vaccine; encephalopathy - occurs w/in 7 days of pertussis vaccination; wait till not sick to take although nto bad

wait for 2nd or 3rd trimester; killed / inactivated virus and toxoid vaccines are usually safe; live -virus vaccine (MMR) should not be given w./in 28 days** unless life threatening; HPV defered;

no live-virus to: immune deficient, lekemia/lymphoma, malignancy, immunosupprisve therapy; immunoglobin can ve used when nevessary; inactivated may be used safely