Micro_1

Resistance to destaining by mild acids; a property exhibited by mycobacteria and some actinomycetes. [p.23, 28-29]

Grows in low pH (less than 3) [68, 299]

A large group of gram-positive bacteria capable of differentiation into aerial hyphae and spores; producers of many antibiotics. [174, 309-310]

In the presence of O2. Describes organisms that require O2 for growth or growth conditions with O2. [99]

Respiration in which O2 gas is the terminal electron acceptor. [92-92, 95, 378]

Organisms that thrive in alkaline environments (pH greater than 10). [68]

Photoautotroph [379]

Respiratory process with a terminal electron acceptor other than O2. [92-95, 240, 300, 356-357]

In the absence of O2. Used to describe an organism that is sensitive to O2 or that requires growth conditions without O2. [99, 356]

Molecule recognized by the immune system.

Cell death due to an intracellular developmental program or induced by other cells or infectious agents. [180]

Prokaryotes; Share basic morphology with bacteria; resemble Eukaryotes in molecular details (Histone bound DNA) [4, 29, 30-31, 43, 132, 141-142, 174,

Adenosine triphosphate: The energy tranfer molecule of life. Adenine-ribose-triphosphate compund that conserves metabolic energy in its two high-energy phosphate bonds. [72, 76, 85]

An organism that derives all its carbon from CO2 + inorganic energy source. (eg. Light, thermal vents, etc) [46, 75, 78-80, 86, 95, 356-357]

Rod shaped bacteria. [24]

Diffuse, outermost layer surrounding microbes composed of complex polysaccharides (usually carbohydrate). [31-32]

The condition of growth in which all cell constituents increase by the same factor over a period of time. Usually synonymous with exponential or steady-state growth. [57-58]

Peptidoglycan [20, 23-26, 30]

use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia. [46, 52, 79, 85, 93-94, 362, 368]

Derives its ATP from energy obtained by oxidizing inorganic nutrients, such as ferrous ion, hydrogen sulfide, or hydrogen gas. [79, 356]

organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Photoautotroph

Organelle of eukaryotic protists, the ciliates, serving as a sense organ or means of motility. [320-322]

Spherical bacteria. [24]

S-Layer. Surface layer of some bacteria and archeae consisting of protein arrays, usually resistant to chemicals and proteases. [29-30]

Proteins; tRNAs; Glycogen; various inclusions [39, 41, 44-45]

Three layers: Inner cell membrane; Periplasm containing a thin cell wall composed of murein; Outer cell membrane with outer leaflet of Lipopolysaccharide.

Two layers: Cell membrane surrounded by a thick cell wall composed of murein with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid protrusions.

Chemoheterotroph [27, 43]

Membrane bound organelles; Respiration on mitochondria; DNA contained with membrane of nucleus; Some have cell walls; Histone bound DNA [3, 5, 86]

E. Coli; causes food poisening; gram negative.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causes pneumonia, Gram-positive

Treponema pallidum; Causes syphilis

Single polar, tuft (multi polar), all around (peritrichous); Protein [31-36, 263-267]

Molecule of glycerol linked by phosphate groups in gram-positive bacteria walls. [26]

Envelope composed of an outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer. Stains purple with crystal violet stain followed by the addition of iodine as a trapping agent. [23-36]

Envelope composed of a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane. Stains pink with safranin binding to the thick murein (peptidoglycan) layer of the cell wall. [23-36]

Method of determining some aspects of the chemical and physical structure of bacterial cell walls; two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative); Primarily, it detects peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in Gram positive bacteria.[1] A Gram positive results in a purple/blue color while a Gram negative results in a pink/red color. [23]

Grows in the presence of high salt consentrations. [300-302]

Utilizes organic nutrients as a source of carbon and energy; aka Organotroph [74-89, 98-108]

Grows in extremely high temperatures [62-63]

The pH at which a molecule carries no net charge. [253-254]

specialized mitochondria at the base of the cilium in ciliates. [380-381]

Chemoheterotroph [89, 305]

Phosphoralated glycolipid common to all bacterial lipopolysaccharides [26-27, 126-127, 165]

A major component of the outer layer of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. [24-27]

Protein containing covalently bound fatty acids. [126-127, 160, 165]

major constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria; Involved in immune response and apoptosis. [24]

aka. Chemoautotroph [79]

Phase of growth cycle when growth is exponential; aka Exponential phase

Lipopolysaccharide

Enzyme that hydrolyzes murein

The form of peptidoglycan found in the walls of bacteria. [24-29, 299]

Classified as gram-positive, these bacteria have features of both gram-negative and positive bacteria. The cell membrane is covered with a peptidoglycan layer, then arabinogalactan and mycolic acid layers and topped off with a capsule-like material. These features inhibit the macrophage immunity response to infection such apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Chemoautotroph [209]

An enzyme that cleaves phosphate-deoxyribose bonds within (endonuclease) or at the end of (exonuclease) a nucleotide sequence.

condensed organization of a prokayotic chromosome within the cell. [39-44, 298]

Stretch of DNA that potentially codes for protein. ORF

Sequence of adjacent genes read as a single, polycistronic messenger RNA. Changes in the level of transcription thus affect all of the genes in an operon, so genes are often coordinately regulated.

Heterotroph

Outermost lipid bilayer of gram-negative bacteria, consisting of an outer lipopolysaccharide leaflet and an inner phospholipid leaflet plus proteins. [24-27, 158, 165, 99-100]

Proteins; Phospholipids; Lipopolysaccharide

Space between inner and outer cell membranes of a gram-negative bacteria. Composed of proteins. [24-28, 99, 158]

Derive ATP and reducing power from light energy and carbon from CO2 [52, 79, 93, 306, 362]

use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. They use compounds such as carbohydrates, fatty acids and alcohols as their organic "food". Examples are purple non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria. [79, 94, 96]

Generates ATP and reducing power from light energy. [78]

Filaments that extend from the microbial cell surface to facilitate adhesion to surfces and other cells. ; Composittion: Proteins [31-37, 132, 167]

aka Polyribosome; Messenger RNA molecule being transcribed by more than one ribosome. ; Composition: mRNA, Ribosomes: rRNAs; riboproteins [23, 40, 44, 153-154]

Channels formed by protein triads in the outer cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria, slowing nonspecific diffusion of hydrophilic compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, and some ions. [24-28, 99, 241, 252]

Lack membrane bound organelles; Respirate at cell membrane; DNA concentrated in nucleoid region; Have cell walls; Exchange genetic information with plasmids

An enzyme that degrades protein.

A cell bound by the cytoplasmic membrane and a portion (usually unknown) of the envelope material exterior to it. if significant amounts of envelope remain, the structure is known as a Spheroplasts. [25-26]

Form of peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of some archaea. [31, 299]

Chemical process by which populations of microbes sense their density as a result of each cell secreting a small amount of a certain compound. [268-271, 280]

The way in which a sequence of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide are read as consecutive triplets.

Photoautotroph [95]

Ribitol units linked by phosphate groups in gram-positive bacteria walls. [26]

Murein (peptidoglycan) bag holding a bacteria. [24-25, 31, 164]

Growth medium that allows growth of only certain species, stains, or mutants. [52]

Crystalline surface layer [29-31]

Thin slimy or gummy layer surrounding many prokaryotic cells [31-32, 267]

Osmotically sensitive cell whose cell wall has benn partially removed; aka protoplast [25, 30]

Spiral shaped bacteria. [24]

Molecule composed of glycerol or ribitol units linked by phosphate groups; Found in walls of gram-positive bacteria [24, 26, 34]

Grows in high temperature low pH. [9-10, 62-65, 299]

Grows in high temperature. [9-10, 62-65, 299]

Bacteria; Archaea; Eukarya

Protein; phospholipid membranes

Ability to grow and divide [360-361]

Determination of the number of living cells in a population, usually carried out by placing aliquots of dilutions on agar plates and counting the resulting colonies. [54]

An enzyme that cleaves the B-lactam ring of B-lactam antibiotics, thus inactivating the antibiotics. The ampicillin resistance encoded by many common plasmids is due to a secreted B-lactamase

generate steam (at 121C) under pressure to sterilize.

Resistance to destaining by mild acids; a property exhibited by mycobacteria and some actinomycetes. [p.23, 28-29]

Grows in low pH (less than 3) [68, 299]

A large group of gram-positive bacteria capable of differentiation into aerial hyphae and spores; producers of many antibiotics. [174, 309-310]

In the presence of O2. Describes organisms that require O2 for growth or growth conditions with O2. [99]

Respiration in which O2 gas is the terminal electron acceptor. [92-92, 95, 378]

Organisms that thrive in alkaline environments (pH greater than 10). [68]

Photoautotroph [379]

Respiratory process with a terminal electron acceptor other than O2. [92-95, 240, 300, 356-357]

In the absence of O2. Used to describe an organism that is sensitive to O2 or that requires growth conditions without O2. [99, 356]

Molecule recognized by the immune system.

Cell death due to an intracellular developmental program or induced by other cells or infectious agents. [180]

Prokaryotes; Share basic morphology with bacteria; resemble Eukaryotes in molecular details (Histone bound DNA) [4, 29, 30-31, 43, 132, 141-142, 174,

Adenosine triphosphate: The energy tranfer molecule of life. Adenine-ribose-triphosphate compund that conserves metabolic energy in its two high-energy phosphate bonds. [72, 76, 85]

An organism that derives all its carbon from CO2 + inorganic energy source. (eg. Light, thermal vents, etc) [46, 75, 78-80, 86, 95, 356-357]

Rod shaped bacteria. [24]

Diffuse, outermost layer surrounding microbes composed of complex polysaccharides (usually carbohydrate). [31-32]

The condition of growth in which all cell constituents increase by the same factor over a period of time. Usually synonymous with exponential or steady-state growth. [57-58]

Peptidoglycan [20, 23-26, 30]

use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia. [46, 52, 79, 85, 93-94, 362, 368]

Derives its ATP from energy obtained by oxidizing inorganic nutrients, such as ferrous ion, hydrogen sulfide, or hydrogen gas. [79, 356]

organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Photoautotroph

Organelle of eukaryotic protists, the ciliates, serving as a sense organ or means of motility. [320-322]

Spherical bacteria. [24]

S-Layer. Surface layer of some bacteria and archeae consisting of protein arrays, usually resistant to chemicals and proteases. [29-30]

Proteins; tRNAs; Glycogen; various inclusions [39, 41, 44-45]

Three layers: Inner cell membrane; Periplasm containing a thin cell wall composed of murein; Outer cell membrane with outer leaflet of Lipopolysaccharide.

Two layers: Cell membrane surrounded by a thick cell wall composed of murein with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid protrusions.

Chemoheterotroph [27, 43]

Membrane bound organelles; Respiration on mitochondria; DNA contained with membrane of nucleus; Some have cell walls; Histone bound DNA [3, 5, 86]

E. Coli; causes food poisening; gram negative.

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causes pneumonia, Gram-positive

Treponema pallidum; Causes syphilis

Single, tuft, all around(find better term); Protein [31-36, 263-267]

Molecule of glycerol linked by phosphate groups in gram-positive bacteria walls. [26]

Envelope composed of an outer membrane surrounding a thin peptidoglycan layer. Stains purple with crystal violet stain followed by the addition of iodine as a trapping agent. [23-36]

Envelope composed of a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane. Stains pink with safranin binding to the thick murein (peptidoglycan) layer of the cell wall. [23-36]

Method of determining some aspects of the chemical and physical structure of bacterial cell walls; two large groups (Gram-positive and Gram-negative); Primarily, it detects peptidoglycan, which is present in a thick layer in Gram positive bacteria.[1] A Gram positive results in a purple/blue color while a Gram negative results in a pink/red color. [23]

Grows in the presence of high salt consentrations. [300-302]

Utilizes organic nutrients as a source of carbon and energy; aka Organotroph [74-89, 98-108]

Grows in extremely high temperatures [62-63]

The pH at which a molecule carries no net charge. [253-254]

specialized mitochondria at the base of the cilium in ciliates. [380-381]

Chemoheterotroph [89, 305]

Phosphoralated glycolipid common to all bacterial lipopolysaccharides [26-27, 126-127, 165]

A major component of the outer layer of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. [24-27]

Protein containing covalently bound fatty acids. [126-127, 160, 165]

major constituent of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria; Involved in immune response and apoptosis. [24]

aka. Chemoautotroph [79]

Phase of growth cycle when growth is exponential; aka Exponential phase

Lipopolysaccharide

Enzyme that hydrolyzes murein

The form of peptidoglycan found in the walls of bacteria. [24-29, 299]

Classified as gram-positive, these bacteria have features of both gram-negative and positive bacteria. The cell membrane is covered with a peptidoglycan layer, then arabinogalactan and mycolic acid layers and topped off with a capsule-like material. These features inhibit the macrophage immunity response to infection such apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Chemoautotroph [209]

An enzyme that cleaves phosphate-deoxyribose bonds within (endonuclease) or at the end of (exonuclease) a nucleotide sequence.

condensed organization of a prokayotic chromosome within the cell. [39-44, 298]

Stretch of DNA that potentially codes for protein. ORF

Sequence of adjacent genes read as a single, polycistronic messenger RNA. Changes in the level of transcription thus affect all of the genes in an operon, so genes are often coordinately regulated.

Heterotroph

Outermost lipid bilayer of gram-negative bacteria, consisting of an outer lipopolysaccharide leaflet and an inner phospholipid leaflet plus proteins. [24-27, 158, 165, 99-100]

Proteins; Phospholipids; Lipopolysaccharide

Space between inner and outer cell membranes of a gram-negative bacteria. Composed of proteins. [24-28, 99, 158]

Derive ATP and reducing power from light energy and carbon from CO2 [52, 79, 93, 306, 362]

use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source. Consequently, they use organic compounds from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. They use compounds such as carbohydrates, fatty acids and alcohols as their organic "food". Examples are purple non-sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria. [79, 94, 96]

Generates ATP and reducing power from light energy. [78]

Filaments that extend from the microbial cell surface to facilitate adhesion to surfces and other cells. ; Composittion: Proteins [31-37, 132, 167]

aka Polyribosome; Messenger RNA molecule being transcribed by more than one ribosome. ; Composition: mRNA, Ribosomes: rRNAs; riboproteins [23, 40, 44, 153-154]

Channels formed by protein triads in the outer cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria, slowing nonspecific diffusion of hydrophilic compounds, such as sugars, amino acids, and some ions. [24-28, 99, 241, 252]

Lack membrane bound organelles; Respirate at cell membrane; DNA concentrated in nucleoid region; Have cell walls; Exchange genetic information with plasmids

An enzyme that degrades protein.

A cell bound by the cytoplasmic membrane and a portion (usually unknown) of the envelope material exterior to it. if significant amounts of envelope remain, the structure is known as a Spheroplasts. [25-26]

Form of peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of some archaea. [31, 299]

Chemical process by which populations of microbes sense their density as a result of each cell secreting a small amount of a certain compound. [268-271, 280]

The way in which a sequence of nucleotides that code for a polypeptide are read as consecutive triplets.

Photoautotroph [95]

Ribitol units linked by phosphate groups in gram-positive bacteria walls. [26]

Murein (peptidoglycan) bag holding a bacteria. [24-25, 31, 164]

Growth medium that allows growth of only certain species, stains, or mutants. [52]

Crystalline surface layer [29-31]

Thin slimy or gummy layer surrounding many prokaryotic cells [31-32, 267]

Osmotically sensitive cell whose cell wall has benn partially removed; aka protoplast [25, 30]

Spiral shaped bacteria. [24]

Molecule composed of glycerol or ribitol units linked by phosphate groups; Found in walls of gram-positive bacteria [24, 26, 34]

Grows in high temperature low pH. [9-10, 62-65, 299]

Grows in high temperature. [9-10, 62-65, 299]

Bacteria; Archaea; Eukarya

Protein; phospholipid membranes

Ability to grow and divide [360-361]

Determination of the number of living cells in a population, usually carried out by placing aliquots of dilutions on agar plates and counting the resulting colonies. [54]

An enzyme that cleaves the B-lactam ring of B-lactam antibiotics, thus inactivating the antibiotics. The ampicillin resistance encoded by many common plasmids is due to a secreted B-lactamase

generate steam (at 121C) under pressure to sterilize.