Microbio Macro/Micro Nutrients and Growth Factors

Cobalamin (B12)--Reduces and transfers single carbon fragments;
helps with deoxyribose synthesis

Lipoic acid--transfers acyl groups in decarboxylation of pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate

functional group coming from removing a hydroxyl group from an oxoacid (an acid with oxygen)

Riboflavin--precursor of flavin mononucleotide (FMN; a H atom carrier in flavoproteins that accept 2e- + 2H+ but donate only e-s) an FAD in flavoproteins involved with e- transport

Niacin (Nicotinic acid)--precursor of NAD+(an enzyme in oxidation-reduction rxns)

p-Aminobenzoic acid; precursor for folic acid

Folic Acid(B9); one-carbon metabolism; methyl group transfer (homocysteine remethylation)

Thiamine (B1); a-Decarboxylations; transketolase

an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway in animals and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis, catalyzes two important reactions, which operate in opposite directions in these two pathways

Hydroxamates; Iron-binding compounds; solubilization of iron and transport into cell

Biotin; Fatty acid biosynthesis, B-decarboxylations; some CO2 fixation reactions

pyridoxal-pyridoxamine group; amino acid and keto acid transformations

quinones; electron transport and synthesis of sphingolipids

class of lipids derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol sphingosine. These compounds play important roles in signal transmission and cell recognition. Sphingolipidoses, or disorders of sphingolipid metabolism, have particular impact on neural tissue

Of, relating to, or designating a group of organic chemical compounds in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains

Boron; present in quorum sensing of bacteria and some polyketide antibiotics

very diverse family of natural products with diverse biological activities and pharmacological properties.

Vanadium; Vanadium nitrogenase; bromoperoxidase

Cobalt; Vitamin B12; transcarboxylase

Nickel; most hydrogenases; coenzyme F430 in methanogens, CO dehydrogenase; urease

Iron; cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases, Fe-S proteins, oxygenases; all nitrogenases

Copper; respiration, cytochrome c oxidase; photosynthesis, plastocyanin, some superoxide dismutases

Chromium; mammalian glucose metabolism

tungsten; some formate dehydrogenases, oxotransferases of hyperthermophiles

manganese; activator of many enzymes; in some superoxide dismutases and in H2O splitting enzyme in oxygenic phototrophs (photosystem II)

Molybdenum; certain flavin containing enzymes; some nitrogenases, nitrate reductases, sulfite oxidases, DMSO-TMAO reductases; some formate dehydrogenases

Selenium; formate dehydrogenase; some hydrogenases; selenocysteine amino acid

set of enzymes that catalyse the oxidation of formate to bicarbonate, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD+

Zinc; carbonic anhydrase; alcohol dehydrogenase; RNA and DNA polymerases; and many DNA-binding proteins

Carbon; CO2 and organic compounds

Oxygen; H2O O2 and organic compounds

Hydrogen; H2O and organic compounds

Nitrogen; NH3, NO3-, N2 and organic nitrogen compounds

Phosphorus; Phosphate PO4 3-

Sulfur; H2S, SO4 -2, organic sulfur compounds, metal sulfides

Potassium; K+ in soln or salts

Magnesium; Mg2 2+ in soln or salts

Sodium; Na+ in soln or salts

Calcium; Ca 2+ in soln or salts

Iron; Fe2+ or Fe3+ in soln or FeS or Fe(OH)3, or salts