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68 Cards in this Set
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-Carries genes required for replication
-sometimes carries genes that resist antiobiotics -sometimes cause bacteria to mate and exchange genetic information |
Plasmid
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-The aqueous interior of the cell
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Cytosol
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storing molecules in these reduce osmotic pressure
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storage granules
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-used by marine microorganisms to change their buoyant density, allowing the depth at which they float in lakes or oceans to change.
-allow them to capture light more effienciently |
gas vacuoles
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dissolved in cytosol and are necessary for metabolism
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soluble enzymes
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-lipid bi-layer
-barrier preventing diffusion of charged molecules into and out of cell -contains proteins required |
plasma membrane
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contains proteins required for metabolism, transport, DNA replication, motility, and sensing of internal and external environment
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plasma membrane
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-polymer of carbs and amino acids
-serves as an exoskeleton to prevent lysis of bacteria due to flow of water into cell -can be thin gram-negative or thick gram-positive |
peptidoglycan layer
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a thin peptidoglycan layer is said to be this:
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Gram-negative
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a thick peptidoglycan later is said to be this:
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Gram-positive
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-the space between plasma membrane and the peptidoglycan layer
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periplasmic space
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-contains enzymes required for assembly of surface structures, such as pili, and transport of molecules across the plasma membrane
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periplasmic space
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-found only in Gram-negative bacteria
-contains lipopolysaccharide, a toxic molecule |
outer membrane
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-a mixture of polysaccharides that is losely attached to outer surface of cell
-keeps cell hydrated and protects bacteria from phagocytic cells |
capsule
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-used for transportation of the bacteria
-also used for adhesion to surfaces |
flagellum
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-anchored in plasma membrane and grows longer by addition of subunits to its base in membrane
-used for adhesion and twitching motility |
pilus
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-losely attached to surface by ionic bonds
-can be washed away by highly acidic/salty solutions -protein that helps keep structure of membrane |
extrinsic proteins
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held in membrane by hydrophobic bonds between hydrophobic regions
-also known as transmembrane proteins |
intrinsic proteins
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Functions of Proteins in Membranes
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1. Transport
2. Signal Recognition 3. Biosynthesis of Membrane 4. DNA Synthesis Proteins 5. Motility 6. Cell Wall and Capsule Synthesis |
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Breaks the bilayer and makes the outer membrane of cell weak
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Penicillin
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Gram Positive stain
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blue
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Gram negative stain
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pink
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Serves as exoskeleton and keeps cells from exploding from osmotic pressure of water
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peptidoglycan layer
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Effects of Lipopolysacchride (LPS)
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1. Can lead to death in 2 hours
2.Secrete proteins that: -Increase body temp (fever) -Increase permability of capillaries causing water to leak into surronding tissues -Loss of blood volume causes blood pressure to fall -Blood clots form |
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Functions of Capsule
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1.Protects bacteria from immune system
2.Protects bacteria from drugs trying to get in 3.Helps bacteria to stick to surfaces |
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movement toward or away from a chemical
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chemotaxis
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rotation of flagellum COUNTER-CLOCKWISE =
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smoothly forward
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rotation of flagellum CLOCKWISE
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tumble
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movement toward light
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phototaxis
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if a bacterium is sensitive to oxygen, it uses
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aerotaxis
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If a bacterium is sensitive to Earth's gravetational field, it uses
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magnetotaxis
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-Produce Methane
-Anaerobes ( can't thrive in oxygen) -important of breakdown of waste |
Methanogens
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-thrive in high salt concentrations
-gram negative |
halophiles
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live at high temperatures where water is hot enough to boil
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extremophiles & thermophiles
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-phase where bacteria are adapting to nutrient conditions of medium
-making new enzymes to utilize nutrients available |
Lag Phase
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-every cell is multiplying (but not dividing at same instant)
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Log or Exponential Phase
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-Cell number does not change
-Some cells continue to divide, while others disappear, the number of new cells forming is equal to cells disappearing -most natural where food supply is limited |
Stationary Phase
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-Cell no longer multiply, but begin to die and lyse
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Death Phase
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Environmental Factors that Affect Growth of Bacteria
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1. pH
2. Temperature 3. Osmotic Pressure 4. Hydrostatic Pressure 5. Oxygen |
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Grows best at low pH levels
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Acidophile
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Grows best at high pH levels
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Alkalophile
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Grows optimally aroun 20-30C
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Mesophiles
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Grows fastest at low temperatures
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Psychrophiles
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Grows best at high temperatures
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Thermophiles
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This pressure is generated by the concentration of solutes in the medium
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Osmotic Pressure
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Adding these to corn syrup, converts it to frustose
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thermophiles
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Grow best in high salt concentrations
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Halophiles
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Survive high pressure, but do not need it to grow
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Barotolerant
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Cells need oxygen to grow
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Aerobe
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Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
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Anaerobe
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Can get along with oxygen or not.
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facultative anaerobe
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Can only grow as a result of diffusion of oxygen through a medium
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Microaerophiles
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Chemical that stops growth, but does not kill.
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bacteriostatic
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chemical that kills cells, but does not destroy them
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bacteriocidal
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cells die and disappear as a result of lysis
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bacteriolytic
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Kills all cells, both pathogens and non-pathogen. Kills host cells at high enough concentrations.
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Non-Selective Methods
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Lipids dissolve because of the disruption of the membrane. Not very effect against spores or viruses that do not have a lipid bilayer
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Alcohol
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Alters structure of proteins = killing cells
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Aldehydes
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Stop proteins by working by modifying tyrosine
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Halogens
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these are used to treat foods and objects which can't be heated or irradiated
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Gases
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dissolves lipid membranes
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Cationic detergents
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disrupts proteins, and are toxic to humans
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phenol
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Drugs that are made by a living organism and produce antimicrobial effects
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Antibiotics
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Drugs that are made synthetically in a laboratory and produce antimicrobial effects
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Chemotherapeutics
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A group of Gram-positive bacteria that produce many of our current antibiotics
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Streptomyces
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The bacterium has a mutation in the carrier that the antibiotic uses to get through the membrane. As a result, the antibiotic does not enter the cell efficiently.
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Uptake Mutant
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The bacterium has a mutuation in the protein that the antibiotic normally binds to and inactivates. Therefore, the microorganism is resistant.
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Target Mutant
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Acquired genomic material that gives the cell defenses against an antibiotic. This material is aquired from another bacterial cell. Plasmids.
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Drug Resistant Factors
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