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What are 6 important parasites?
1. Malaria

2. Cryptosoridosis

3. Giardiasis

4. Toxoplasmsosis

5. Trichomoniasis

6. Entamoeba histolytica
What type of organisms can be considered parasites?
1. All viruses

2. Bacteria

3. Fungi

4. PROTOZOA

5. HELMINTHS
What is a protozoa?
Single cell organisms such as amoeba and flagellates

- Tend to replicate in the host and have short life cycles

- Cause acute or chronic infections
What is a helminth?
- Worms which are multicellular

- Tend NOT to multiply in host

- Lay thousands of eggs

- Have very long life cycles and cause CHRONIC infections
What is a trophozoite?

What is a cyst?
Trophozoite - Active, feeding stage of a protozoa

Cyst - Rest or dominant stage of a protozoa
What are the 2 main ways that parasites can gain entry to our bodies?
1. Ingestion

2. Direct Penetration
- Arthropod Bite
- Transplacental penetration
- Organism-directed penetration
What are the 3 classifications of Protozoa (based on motility)?
1. Amoeba

2. Ciliates

3. Flagellates
What are the 3 important GI protozoa?
1. Entameoba histolytica

2. Giardia lambia

3. Cryptosporidium
What is the main genitourinary protozoa?
Trichamonas vaginalis
What are the 2 blood/tissue protozoans?
1. Toxoplasm gondii

2. Falciparum (malaria)
What protozoa produces flask shaped ulcers?
Entamoeba histolytica

- spread fecal-oral
What are the 3 outcomes of Entamoeba histolytica?
1. Asymptomatic (most common)

2. Intestinal ambiasis - caused by destruction of colonic epithelial cells (cramping, diarhhea)

3. Extraintestinal amebiasis - fevors/rigors, LIVER is main target
What is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytics?
Metronidazole followed by iodoqunol
What type of protozoa is Giardia?

Where is it commonly found?
- Flagellate

- Found in streams, lakes
How is Giardia treated?
Metronidazole
Does Cryptosporidium usually need treatment?
NO SPECIFIC TREATMENT

- can require treatment in immunocompromised patients

- Can cause impressed water borne outbreaks
What protozoa infects urogenital tranct?

What form is the protozoa always in?
- Trichomonas vaginalis - flagellate

- Always in trophozoite, no cysts

- Most common STD in the world

- Treated with metronidazole
What blood and tissue protoza is often transferred via cats?
- Toxoplasm gandii

- cats excrete the cyts in their shit

- can get via handling uncooked/raw food
What is toxoplasm gondii's pathology?
- Engulfed by macrophages and transported to all organs, INCLUDING CNS

- Causes macrophages to rupture, spreads

- Can cause severe issues if transferred to fetus
How is Toxoplasm gondii treated?
- Normal, acute infections not treated

- Chronic or CNS infections: pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine (both target folic acid pathway)
What blood/tissue protoazo cause malaria?
Plasmodium species
What is the cycle/pathogenesis of plasmodium?
Requires 2 hosts:

Mosquito for sexual reproductive stage

Humans for asexual reproduction - attacks RBC's, can cause anemia/clots
What is the treatment for malaria (plasmodium spp)?
Quinine (most hay lot of resistance)

Chlorquine - still a lot of resistance
What are the 3 major types of helminths?
1. Nemotodes - round worms; digestive system

2. Trematodes - left shaped bodies. No digestive system

3. Cestodes - tapeworms, ribbons, no digestive system
What parasite causes kids to scratch their butts?
Enterobis vermicularis (pinworm)
What is Enterobis vermicularis (pinworm) treated with?
Albendazole or Mebendazole
What is an example of a trematode helminth?
Schistosoma mansoni

- needs snail/mollusk plus another host to complete life cycle
What causes swimmers itch?
Schistosoma mansoni
What is the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni?
Praziquantel
What tapeworm is often found in pork?
Taenia solium