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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are eukaryotic cells?
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cells with a nucleus and organelles compartmentalized by membranes
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Is protozoa unicellular, multicellular or both?
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always unicellular
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Is fungi and algae unicellular, multicellular or both?
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may be unicellular or multicellular
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Are helminths unicellular, multicellular or both?
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always multicellular
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What is endosymbosis?
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Theory of evolution that eukaryotes developed from prokaryotes that engulfed other prokaryotes. The engulfed prokaryotes then became organelles.
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What organelles are present in eukaryotic microbial cells?
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cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx
some have cell wall and locomotor appendages |
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what are the two types of locomotor appendages?
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cilia and flagella - allow movement
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How are eukaryotic flagella different from prokaryotes?
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eukaryotic flagellum is thicker, structurally more complex, and covered by an extension of the cell membrane
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Describe flagellum.
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long, sheathed cylinder containing regularly spaced hollow tubules (microtubules) that exted along the entire length
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What is the typical arrangement of microtubules on flagella and cilia?
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9+2 - 9 microtubules surrounding a single central pair
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What are the differences between cilia and flagella?
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Cilia are shorter and more numerous
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What type of cells are cilia found?
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found on only one group of protozoa and certain animal cells
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What is a glycocalyx?
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an outermost boundary that comes into direct contact with the environment
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What is the glycocalyx composed of?
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polysaccharides
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What does the glycocalyx appear as?
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appears as a network of fibers, slime layer, or capsule
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What is the function of the glycocalyx?
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contributes to protection, adherence of cells to surfaces, and reception of signals from other cells and from the environment
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What is the layer beneath the glycocalyx?
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Varies, fungi & algae have thick rigid cell wall, protozoa, a few algae and animal cells have no cell wall only a cell membrane
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Describe the cell wall in eukaryotic microbes.
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Have a thick inner layer or polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose and a think outer layer of mixed glycans
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What does the cytoplasmic (cell) membrane of eukaryotes contain that prokaryotes does not?
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sterol
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What are cytoplasmic (cell) membranes of eukaryotic microbes composed of?
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a bilayer of phospholipids in which protein molecules are embedded
also contain sterol which adds rigidity to cell membrane |
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What is the nucleus?
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the compact sphere that is the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell; contains instructions in the form of DNA
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Where is dna organized into chromosomes?
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the nucleus
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What separates the cell cytoplasm from the nucleus?
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the nuclear envelope
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What is the nuclear envelope composed of?
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two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space; it is perforated with small, regularly spaced openings or pores, formed at sites where the two membranes unite
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What is the function of the nuclear pores?
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passageways for macromolecules
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What is the nucleolus
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a granular mass within the nucleus; stains more intensely because of RNA content; site for ribosomal RNA synthesis and a collection area for ribosomal subunits
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Describe nucleoplasm
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matrix within the nucleus, contains a network of dark fibers known as chromatin
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What is chromatin
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network of dark fibers, comprises eukaryotic chromosomes
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What is endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
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microscopic series of tunnels used in transport and storage.
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum RER and smooth endoplasmic reticulum SER
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Why does the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough?
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large number of ribosomes attached to its membrane surface
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
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site in the cell in which proteins are modified and then sent to their final destination
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What does the Golgi apparatus consist of?
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a stack of several flattened, disc-shaped sacs called cisternae
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____________ have outer limiting membranes and cavities like those of the endoplasmic reticulum, but they do not form a continuous network
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cisternae of the Golgi apparatus
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The Gogli appratus is closely associated with _____________ both in its location and function.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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____________ are picked up by the forming face of the Golgi apparatus.
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transitional vessicles
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The final action of the Golgi apparatus is to pinch off finished ____________ that will be conveyed to the organelles.
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condensing vessicles
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What is a lysosome?
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a type of vesicle originating from the Gogli apparatus that contains a variety of enzymes involved in digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms
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What is a vacuole?
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membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted, or stored
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What organelle is responsible for supplying energy to the cell?
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mitochondria
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Describe the appearance of mitochondria
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round or elongated particles scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Smooth, continuous outer membrane that forms the external contour, and an inner folded membrane nested neatly within
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What are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?
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cristae - may be tubular or folded into shelflike bands
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What are chloroplasts?
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organelles found in algae and plant cells that convert energy of sunlight into chemical energy (photosythesis)
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What do chlorplasts resemble?
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Resemble mitochondria, but are larger, contain special pigments, and are much more varied in shape
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____________ are the small, disclike sacs of the folded inner membrane of chloroplasts
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thylakoids
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What are thylakoids stacked upon one another into?
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grana
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What is stroma?
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a ground substance that surrounds the thylakoids
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What are ribosomes function?
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protein synthesis
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What do ribosomes look like under electron microscope?
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numerous, tiny particles that give a dotted appearance to the cytoplasm
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Where are ribosomes distributed?
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freely in the cytoplasm and cytoskeleton; also on rough endoplasmic reticulum
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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flexible framework of molecules that criss-cross the cell
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What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
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anchoring organelles
moving RNA and vesicles permitting shape changes and movement in some cells |
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What are the two main types of cytoskeletal elements?
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microfilaments and microtubules
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What are microfilaments?
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thin protein strands that attach to the cell membrane and form a network through the cytoplasm
(some responsible for movement of the cytoplasm) |
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What are microtubules?
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long, hollow tubes that maintain the shape of eukaryotic cells without walls and transport substances from one part of a cell to another
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What is another name for the Kingdom Fungi?
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Myceteae
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What are the two main groups of fungi
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macroscopic fungi and microscopic fungi
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What fungi are macroscopic?
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mushrooms, puffpalls, gill fungi
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What fungi are microscopic?
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molds and yeasts
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What are the basic morphological types of fungi?
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yeasts and hyphae
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How is a yeast cell distinguished?
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oval shape and its mode of asexual reproduction
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How does a yeast cell reproduce?
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it grows swelling on its surface called buds which then become separate cells
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What are hypahe
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long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filmentous fungi or molds
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What are psuedohypha?
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chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in rows
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What is dimorphic?
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can take either form
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Fungi are __________ and acquire their nutrients from organic material called ____________.
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heterotrophic, substrates
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Most fungi are _________, meaning they obtain these substrates from the remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or acquatic habitats.
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saprobes
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Fungi can also be ______ on the bodies of living animals or plants.
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parasites
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Fungus can be plant ________ and toxins may cause ________ in humans.
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pathogen, disease
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The woven, interwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold is called a __________.
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mycelium
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Most fungi, the hyphae are divided into segments by cross walls or ___________.
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septa
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___________ can be solid partitions with no communication, or partial walls with small pores
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septa
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What are fungal reproductive bodies called?
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spores
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Fungals spores are responsible for _____________.
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survival, producing genetic variation, and dissemination
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The most general subdivision of fungi is by the way spores arise. ___________ and _____________
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asexual, sexual
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What are the two subtypes of asexual spore
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sporangiospores and condiospores (conidia)
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How are sporangiospores formed?
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by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, whith is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore.
Spores are initially enclosed but released when the sporangium ruptures |
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What are condiospores?
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free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac
Develop by pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by the segmentation of a preexisting vegetative hypha |
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What is the function of sexual spore formation?
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variation in genetic makeup, two spores share genetic makeup
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How are fungus identified?
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by asexual spore-formation, hyphal type, conlony texture and pigmentation, physiological characteristics, and genetic makeup
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What are mycoses?
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fungal infections
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What makeup the Kingdom Protista?
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algae and protozoa
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Protists are__________
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any unicellular or colonial organism that lack true tissue
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_______ occur in unicellular, colonial, and filamentous forms, and the larger forms can possess tissues and simple organs
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algae
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algae is not usually infectious, but can cause ____________
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food poisoning caused by toxins of certain marine algae
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Most protozon cells are _______ cells containing the major eukaryortic organelles except _______.
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single, chloroplasts
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the cytoplasm is usually divided into a clear outer layer called _______ and a granular inner region called _______
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ectoplasm, endoplasm
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Protozoa lack a _________
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cell wall
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Protozoa are _________ and usually require their food in a complex organic form.
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heterotrophic
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protozoa move by means of
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pseudopods, flagella, or cilia;
some have both pseudopods and flagella |
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Describe pseudopods
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blunt, branched, or long and pointed
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what is a trophozoite?
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motile feeding stage of protozoa, requires ample food and moisture to remain active
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what is a cyst?
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resting stage of protozoa
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How do protozoa reproduce?
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simple, asexual reproduction - usually mitosis, some reproduce within a host cell by multiple fission
sexual reproduction can also occur |
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Ciliates participate in _________, a form of genetic exchange in which members of two different mating types fuse temporarily and exchange micronucleui
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conjugation
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We use a simple system of ______ groups, based on ________________ to group protozoa.
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four; method of motility, mode of reproduction, and stages in life cycle
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What are the four main groups of protozoa
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mastigophora (flagellated)
sarcodina (amoebas) ciliophora (ciliated) ampicomplexa (sporozoa) |
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Describe the group of protozoas - Mastigophora
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Primary movement - flagella or flagella & amoeboid motion
Reproduction - sexual by syngamy, division by longitudinal fission |
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Describe the group of protozoas - Sarcodina (Amoebas)
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Primary movement - psuedopods, some have flagella in reproductive states
Reproduction - asexual by fission, two groups have external shell, mostly uninucleate; usually encyst |
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Describe the group of protozoas - Ciliophora
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Primary movement - cilia
Repoduction - divisionby transverse fission usually non infectios |
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Describe the group of protozoas - Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
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Primary movement - absent except in male gamets
Repoduction - Sexual and asexual; produce sporelike cells called sporozoites following sexual repoduction infections |
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Helminths include ___________.
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tapeworms, flukes, and roundwords
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Why are helminths included in microbiology?
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Because microscope is needed to see eggs and larvae
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roundworms are also called
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nematodes
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Describe flatworms
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very thin, often segmented body plan
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Describe roundworms
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elongate, cylindrical, unsegmented body
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What are the subgroups of flatworms?
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cestodes or tapeworms (long, ribbonlike) and trematodes or flukes (flat, ovoid)
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The complete life cycle of helminths includes ___________
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fertilized egg (embryo), larval, and adult stage
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____________ the sexes are separate and usually difference in appearance; in ____________ the sexes can be either separate or hermaphroditic
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nemotodes, trematodes
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How are helminths classified?
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according to their shape; their size; the degree of development of various organs; the presense of hooks suckers, or other special structures; the mode of reproduction; the kind of hosts; and the appearance of eggs and larvae
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