- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pox viridae
large size allows them to be |
potential vectors for the introduction of genetic material in vaccinations and gene therapy
|
|
Poxviridae
is RNA or DNA ss or ds withe complex...? |
dsDNA
complex capsids envelopes |
|
Poxviruses infects what/who?
|
mammals: mice
camels elephants cattle monkeys |
|
animal poxviruses are.....
|
species specific
unable to infect humans cannot attach to human cells |
|
poxviruses
macules are... |
stage 1
lesions flat reddened |
|
poxviruses
papules are... |
stage 2
raised sores |
|
poxviruses
vesicles |
lesions fill with clear fluid
|
|
pustules
also known as |
pus-filled
pocks pox |
|
poxvirus pustules dry up to....
|
form a crust, & because they penetrate the dermis leave scars
|
|
poxvirus infection occurs how?
|
inhalation of virus in droplets or dried crusts
close contact is necessary for infection bc envelopes are unstable outside of host's body |
|
the 2 main poxvirus diseases of humans are
|
smallpox
moluscum contagiosum |
|
the main poxvirus disease of animals are
|
orf (sheep/goat pox)
cowpox monkeypox--may be transmitted to humans |
|
who first demostrated immunization using cowpox virus to protect again smallpox
|
Edward Jenner
|
|
Smallpox --commonly known as
_______ exist in what 2 forms? |
variola
1. variola major 2. variola minor |
|
Smallpox
variola major characteristics |
severe disease w/ 20% (or higher) mortality
mortality depends on age/health of host |
|
Smallpox
variola minor characteristics |
less severe disease
<1% mortality rate |
|
variola major and variola minor
infect what? signs / symptoms |
internal organs
up to 107 degree fever malaise delirium prostration bf moving via blood to skin leave scars (especially on face) |
|
smallpos was the first human disease to be
|
eradicated globally in 1980
1 of the greatest 20th century accomplishments |
|
5 reasons why smallpox was able to be eliminated
|
1. vaccine, effective, stable, cheap
2. specific to humans 3. s/s are diagnostic 4. no asymptomatic cases 5. spread ONLY via close contact |
|
Moluscum contagiosum
characterized by |
smooth waxy papules in lines where pt has spread virus by scratching
|
|
3 types of herpes viruses
|
herpes simplex
varicella-zoster Epstein-Barr |
|
Herpesviruses are....
|
latent, inactive for years
|
|
Herpesviruses
may reactivate as a result of |
aging
chemotherapy immunosuppression physical/emotional stress |
|
Herpesviruses
may insert into host's chromosomes, where they may.... |
cause genetic changes and potentially induce cancer
|
|
Herpesviruses
causes (diseases) |
oral herpes
genital herpes chicken pox shingles mononucleosis some cancers |
|
HHV is
specific name |
human herpesvirus
|
|
HHV-1
HHV-2 are from the genus |
simplexvirus
|
|
HHV-3 is
|
varicellovirus
|
|
HHV-4 is
|
lymphocryptovirus or
Epstein-Barr virus |
|
orphan virus is
|
a virus without a known disease
|
|
HHV-1
HHV-2 2 details of |
1. distressing aspect is latency & recurrence of lesions
2. 67% chance of recurrence |
|
HHV-1 occurs
|
above the waist
|
|
HHV-2 occurs
|
below the waist
|
|
in the brachial ganglia
what is latent |
whitlow lesions
|
|
sacral ganglia
what is latent |
genital herpes
|
|
on the trigeminal nerve ganglion
what is latent |
ocular herpes on the ophthalmic branch
|
|
on the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve what is latent
|
fever blisters on the upper lip
|
|
on the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve what is latent?
|
fever blisters on the lower lip
|
|
oral herpes
characteristics to know |
1. 1st human hv discovered
2. causes fever blisters/cold sores 3. is HHV-1 |
|
oral herpes
herpetic gingivostomatitis is |
lesions in the oral cavity
seen in young pts low immune systems |
|
oral herpes
herpetic pharyngitis is |
when young adults have sore throats resulting from other viral infections
|
|
genital herpes
characteristics |
1. HHV-1 and HHV-2
2. infect gentalia hhv-1 causes oral lesions hhv-2 causes genital lesions |
|
ophthalmic herpes
ocular herpes characteristics |
1. HHV-1
2. usually in 1 eye gritty feeling conjunctivitis pain sensitivity to light may cause corneal lesions can lead to blindness |
|
whitlow
HHV1 or 2 enters body how latent in what ganglia |
HHV-1 or HHV-2
enters cut/break in skin on finger latent in branchial ganglia |
|
neonatal herpes
characteristics |
HHV-2
severe, 30% mortality if cutaneous or oral 80% mortality if CNS is affected virus can cross the placenta infect @ birth mother's w/ oral lesions |
|
herpes gladiatorum
|
HHV-1
atheletes develop lesions anywhere on skin |
|
HHV 1 & 2 may also cause ...____...-- in patients with....
|
encephalitis
meningitis pneumonia pts with AIDS severe immune suppression |
|
HHV-1 and 2 transmitted via
|
close body contact
|
|
syncytium is
|
when infected cell fuses w/ unaffected neighbor cell allowing virus to spread from cell to cell w/o leaving the cell--avoiding the immune system
|
|
most common STD in the US is
|
HHV2
|
|
diagnosis of HHV1 & HHV 2
|
lesions are diagnostic
microscopic exam of infected tissue reveals syncytia immunoassay shows viral antigens present |
|
treatment of HHV 1 & 2
|
valaciclovir
nucleoside analogs (iododeoxyuridine or trifluridine) no cure |
|
prevention of HHV 1 & 2
|
wear gloves
w/ whitlows--no pt contact abstinence monogamy condoms do not protect when there are active lesions |
|
HHV 3 commonly called
|
varicella-zoster virus
VZV |
|
varicella transmitted via
|
respriatory tract or eyes
|
|
varicella s/s
|
fever
malaise skin lesions rarely fatal if assoc. with 2ndary bacterial infections |
|
chicken pox lesions begin as
progress too |
begin as macules
1-2 days to papules finally thin walled, fluid filled vesicles on red bases "dewdrops on rose petals" vesicles turn cloudy, dry up, crust over in few days |
|
shingles or
herpes zoster characteristics |
15% of people who've had chickenpox
virus becomes latent for years stress, aging, immune suppression induce extremely painful rash flat lesions on dermatomes |
|
chickenpox treatment
|
self-limiting
requires no treatment other than relief of symtoms tylenol for pain / fever antihistamines for itching |
|
Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents with symptoms of chickenpox because of the risk of contracting
|
Reye's syndrome
|
|
Reye's syndrome is
|
a condition associated with several viral diseases and aspirin usage
|
|
treatment of shingles
|
manage symptoms
bed rest nonadherent dressings loose fitting clothing Acyclovir (not a cure) |
|
prevention of chickenpox
|
attenuated vaccine
2 doses 1 year old up to 50 single dose of shingles vaccine for pts over age 60 |
|
HHV-4 is
|
Epstein Barr virus
human herpes virus 4 |
|
EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) causes (2 things)
and is the first virus.... |
Burkitt's lymphoma
mononucleosis linked to human cancer |
|
HHV-4 is transmitted via
|
saliva, kissing, sharing glasses
|
|
pathogenesis of EBV
|
enters the blood stream (viremia)
invades B lymphocytes becomes latent immortalizes B cells suppressing apoptosis (war between T cells & infected B cells) (T cells kill B cells, can't fight infection as well) |
|
papillomaviruses causes
|
papillomas, benign growths of epithelium of skin or mucous membranes, commonly known as warts
seed warts plantar warts flat warts genital warts |
|
condylomata acuminata
|
genital warts
giant cauliflower like growths |
|
papillomaviruses precipitate
|
anal, vaginal, penile, oral, and cervical cancers
|
|
papillomaviruses are transmitted
|
direct contact
bc they are stable outside the body (fomites) autoinoculation |
|
papillomaviruses diagnosis
|
warts are diagnostic
|
|
papillomaviruses treatment
|
surgery
freezing cauterization laser caustic chemicals otc salicylic treatments duct tape to remove warts |
|
papillomaviruses prevention
|
genital warts --abstinence, monogamy
Gardasil 3 doses 11-26 yo |
|
polyomavirus infections cause
|
several different tumors in animals and humans
|
|
PML
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy |
JC virus--virions reach the brain
rare fatal disease viruses infect/kill oligodendrocytes lose vision, speech, coordination, cognitive skills, paralysis, and death |
|
Adenoviridae
adenoviruses name because |
they were first discovered infecting cultures of human adenoid cells
|
|
adenoviruse linked to
from the genus |
common cold
pink eye Adenoviridae |
|
Adenoviridae
adenoviruse spread via |
respiratory droplets
fomites improperly chlorinated drinking water |
|
adenoviruse produce
genus is |
semi-crystallized viral masses w/in the nuclei of infected cells
is diagnostic for infections Adenoviridae |
|
Adenoviridae
adenoviruse treatment |
gamma interferon
attenuated vaccine (military only) |
|
Hapadnaviridae
human hepatitis B virus HBV unique because |
dsDNA and partly single-stranded DNA
|
|
Hapadnaviridae
human hepatitis B virus HBV targets |
the liver
|
|
Hapadnaviridae
human hepatitis B virus HBV jaundice |
a yellowing of the skin and eyes, occurs as bilirubin accumulates in the blood
|
|
human hepatitis B virus HBV
characterized by GENUS |
jaundice
hepatomegaly abdominal distress bleeding into skin and internal organs Hapadnaviridae |
|
Hapadnaviridae
human hepatitis B virus HBV also called |
serum hepatitis
|
|
human hepatitis B virus HBV
spread by genus |
body fluids(blood)
razor/ toothbrush sharing unsterile needles blood transfusion sex babies during childbirth Hapadnaviridae |
|
Hapadnaviridae
human hepatitis B virus HBV prevention |
HBV vaccine
|
|
what are dane particles
related to what disease? |
complete/infective virions
Hepatitis B |
|
Spherical particles
filamentous particles structure is linked to what virus |
capsids composed of surface antigens without genomes
Hepatitis B |
|
Hepatitis B
treatment |
no effective treatment
alpha interferon lamivudine entecavir (all 3 help in 40% of cases) liver transplant for end-stage |
|
HBV is linked to
|
hepatic cancer
|
|
Parvoviridae
Parvoviruses are the only pathogens |
of humans with ssDNA genome
|
|
Parvoviridae
Parvoviruses cause disease in |
animals
fatal in puppies |
|
Parvoviridae
Parvoviruses structure |
smallest of DNA viruses
icosahedral capsid |
|
Parvoviridae
Parvoviruses the primary infection of humans is |
B19 virus --causes
erythema infectiosum (also known as) fifth disease (5th childhood rash) |
|
Parvoviridae
Parvoviruses (5th's disease) diagnosis |
presence of red skin rash beginning on cheeks then progressing to the arms, buttocks, and trunk.
rash is aggravated by the sun |
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses signs/symptoms |
sneezing
rhinorrhea congestion sore throat headache malaise cough |
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses is most commonly linked to |
the common cold
|
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses limited to infected what? why? |
the upper respiratory tract
replicate best @ 33 degrees celcius, temp of the nasal cavity |
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses are extremely infective...takes |
a single virus to cause a cold in 50% of people
|
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses transmitted by |
coughing
sneezing fomits hand to hand contact person to person contact (most common) |
|
RNA viruses
Rhinoviruses prevention |
antisepsis
disinfect fomits hand washing |
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses contrary to their name |
do not usually cause disease of the digestive system
infect pharynx/intestine |
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses transmitted via |
the fecal oral route
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses/ Poliomyelitis acquired by |
swallowing contaminated water
swimming |
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / Poliomyelitis targets |
brain stem, medulla causes paralysis
"iron lung" respirators patients were attached to |
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / poliomyelitis Paralytic polio; invades |
cells of the spinal cord and motor cortex of the brain producing paralysis by limiting nerve impulse conduction
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / paralytic polio in bulbar poliomyelitis |
the brain stem and medulla are infected, resulting in paralysis of muscles in the limbs or of respiratory muscles (iron lungs used)
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / paralytic polio in bulbar poliomyeltis paralysis lasted |
6-24 months, but was lifelong in some cases
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / paralytic polio occurs in less than |
2% of cases
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / postpolio syndrome is the |
crippling deterioration in the function of polio-affected muscles that occurs in up to 80% of recovered polio patients some 30-40 years after their original bout with poliomyelitis
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / postpolio syndrome is not caused by |
reemergence of poliovirus/ virus is not present
effects appear to stem from an aging-related aggravation of nerve damage that occurred during the original infection |
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / poliomyelitis inactivated polio vaccine IPV was developed by |
Jonas Salk in 1955
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / poliomyelitis oral polio vaccine OPV was developed by |
Albert Sabin in 1961
|
|
RNA virus
enteroviruses / echoviruses name derived from |
enteric cytopathic human orphan virus
because they are acquired intestinallly and were not initially associated with any disease (orphan viruses) |
|
Enteroviruses
treatment |
support and limitation of pain and fever
|
|
Enteroviruses
prevention |
good hygiene
sewage treatment no vaccine for coxsackie or echo vaccine for polio |
|
Hepatitis A
RNA virus transmitted via survives outside the body? do disinfectants work? |
feca-oral route
lives for days on surfaces resist disinfectants like bleach |
|
Hepatitis A
prevention |
2 doses of Hep a vaccine for all children and adults
|
|
RNA virus
Arbovirus means |
Ar = arthropod
bo = born arthropod born virus |
|
Arbovirus
transmitted via |
vectors
mosquitos ticks |
|
Arbovirus
prevention |
control vectors
deet, netting, no standing water, protective clothing |
|
Arbovirus (RNA virus)
Encephalitis EEE WEE VEE |
eastern equine encephalitis
western equine encephalitis venezuelan equine encephalitis |
|
Arbovirus
encephalitis viral replication occurs where |
in the brains of horses and humans
|
|
Arbovirus
encephalitis ________is linked to it |
West nile virus
|
|
RNA -- Arbovirus
Dengue fever vector |
mosquitos
control the vectors + standard mosquito control/repellents |
|
RNA -- arboviruses
Dengue fever symptoms/signs |
fever
weakness edema of extremities severe pain in head, back, muscles |
|
RNA -- arboviruses
dengue fever indicates the severity of the pain/common name for the disease |
breakbone fever
|
|
yellow fever
involves degeneration of is a ..... |
degeneration of liver, kidneys, heart and massive hemorrhaging
is a RNA virus arbovirus flavivirus |
|
yellow fever
hemorrhaging in the intestines may result in |
"black vomit"
|
|
RNA -- arboviruses
flavivirus-- yellow fever liver damage causes jaundice giving disease its nickname... |
"yellow jacket"
|
|
RNA -- arboviruses
flavivirus-- yellow fever vector |
mosquitos
control the vectors |
|
yellow fever
RNA or DNA genus(s) in 1793 |
killed 4000 people in Philadelphia
RNA arbovirus flavivirus |
|
yellow fever
in 1898 ss or ds RNA or DNA gnome is genus is |
killed more American soldiers than the war
-ssRNA segmented gnome Orthomyxoviridae |
|
RNA -- arboviruses
flavivirus-- yellow fever in the 1900's |
was eliminated due to mosquito control and vaccine development
|
|
Rubella
commonly known as DNA or RNA |
German measles or
three-day measles +ssRNA |
|
+ssRNA Rubella
infects |
only humans
enters respiratory system spreads to lymph nodes into blood to body |
|
+ssRNA Rubella
after infecting the body it |
has a characteristic rash of flat pink to red spots (macules) and lasts about 3 days
|
|
+ssRNA Rubella
humans shed virions in respiratory droplets.... |
2 weeks before &
2 weeks after rash |
|
+ssRNA Rubella
results in (babies) |
crosses the placenta causing severe congenital defects
cardiac abnormalities deafness blindness MR microcephaly growth retardation death |
|
+ssRNA Rubella
diagnosis |
observation & serological testing for IgM against rubella
|
|
+ssRNA Rubella
treatment |
none
|
|
hepatitis C HCV
RNA or DNA GENUS spread via |
needles
organ transplants sex not arthopods RNA FLAVIVIRUS |
|
hepatitis C HCV
treatment/vaccine ? RNA or DNA virus from the genus? |
none
RNA virus flavivirus |
|
Coronaviruses
are enveloped/naked? RNA or DNA? capsids shape |
enveloped
+ssRNA virus helical capsids |
|
Coronaviruses
get their name from the |
envelop forms a corona-like halo around the capsids
|
|
Coronaviruses
is the |
second most common cause of colds after picornavirus rhinoviruses
|
|
Coronaviruses
transmitted via |
epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract in large droplets (sneeze/cough) and, replicate at 33 degree C (nasal cavity) like rhinoviruses
|
|
Coronaviruses
SARS stands for 1st found in |
severe acute respiratory syndrome
China's Guangdong province |
|
SARS
symptoms genus |
fever above 100.4
headache discomfort respiratory distress CORONAVIRUS |
|
Coronaviruses
SARS spread by has a |
close person to person contact
10% mortality rate |
|
Paramyxoviridae
rhadoviridae filoviridae structures are |
enveloped
helical -ssRNA virus |
|
rhabdoviruses have
are pathogens to who/what? the most common is? |
bullet shaped envelopes
plant & animal pathogens Rabies is the most common |
|
filoviruses
are pathogens that cause what? |
ebola
marburg hemorrhagic fevers |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles also know as |
rubeola
red measles |
|
Measles
ss or ds RNA or DNA virus spreads by |
coughing
sneezing talking via respiratory droplets -ssRNA viruses |
|
Measles
RNA or DNA, ss or ds signs/symptoms |
ssRNA VIRUS
fever sore throat headache dry cough conjunctivitis koplik's spots |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles Koplik's spots |
2 days after onset
appear on mucous membranes of mouth lesions--salt grain surrounded by red halo |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles rare complications |
pneumonia
encephalitis SSPE |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles SSPE stands for s/s of disease |
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
slow, progressive disease of CNS that involves personality changes, loss of memory, muscle spasms, blindness 1-10 years after a measles infection |
|
parainfluenza viruses
human parainfluenza virus HPIV 1 & 2 cause |
croup
severe condition, inflammation & swelling of larynx, trachea, bronchi, seal bark cough |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles also know as |
rubeola
red measles |
|
parainfluenza viruses
Rubulavirus Mumps spread via |
respiratory secretions
infect upper respiratory system viremia develops parotid salivary glands enlarge (parotitis) orchitis (testicle inflammation) |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles spreads by |
coughing
sneezing talking via respiratory droplets |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles signs/symptoms |
fever
sore throat headache dry cough conjunctivitis koplik's spots |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles Koplik's spots are red...... |
raised (maculopapular) lesions
appear on the head and spread over body |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles rare complications |
pneumonia
encephalitis SSPE |
|
-ssRNA viruses
Measles SSPE is |
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
slow, progressive disease of CNS that involves personality changes, loss of memory, muscle spasms, blindness 1-10 years after a measles infection |
|
parainfluenza viruses
human parainfluenza virus HPIV 1 & 2 cause |
croup
severe condition, inflammation & swelling of larynx, trachea, bronchi, seal bark cough |
|
parainfluenza viruses
Rubulavirus Mumps spread via |
respiratory secretions
infect upper respiratory system viremia develops parotid salivary glands enlarge (parotitis) orchitis (testicle inflammation) |
|
parainfluenza viruses
mumps treatment |
none
|
|
rhabdovirus
rabies envelope has |
glycoprotein spikes on the surface that serve as attachment proteins
|
|
rabies
once the virus reaches the CNS genus |
neurological manifestations characteristic of rabies develop:
hydrophobia seizures disorientation hallucinations paralysis death rhabdovirus |
|
rhabdovirus
rabies is a classical |
zoonosis of mammals mainly:
dogs, foxes, badgers, raccoons, skunks, cats, bats, coyotes, feral dogs |
|
rhabdovirus
rabies most common source of rabies in the US between 1990-2008 |
bats
|
|
rhabdovirus
rabies diagnosis |
neuro symptoms
serological test postmortem detection of Negri bodies in the brain |
|
rhabdovirus
rabies prevention |
HDCV-human diploid cell vaccine @ 0, 3, 7, 14 days after exposure
vaccinate animals |
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever marburg virus was first found where? % mortality is |
1st found in germany
25% die |
|
hemorrhagic fever
ebola virus genus |
1st found in DRC near Ebola river
90% die filoviridae |
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola natural reservoirs |
fruit bats
|
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola predominant manifestation |
uncontrolled bleeding under the skin & from every body opening as internal organs are reduced to a jelly-like consistency
|
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola spread via |
person to person contact via contaminated body fluids, blood, contaminated syringes
|
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola can be spread from what to what or who to who |
can spread among monkeys in the air but not from monkeys to humans or among humans
|
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola treatment |
fluid replacement
|
|
filoviridae
hemorrhagic fever Marburg & ebola prevention |
vaccine for monkeys is the only one
|
|
-ssRNA
segmented genome Orthomyxoviridae Influenza pandemic in |
1918-19 winter
1.9 million infected 50 million died 10,000/week for months |
|
Influenza
envelope is |
pleomorphic lipid envelope
studded w/ glycoprotein spikes of hemagglutinin or neuraminidase HA or NA |
|
Influenza
is the stomach flu from the species orthomyxoviruses? |
no is probably caused by enteroviruses
|
|
Influenza
H1N1 was a result of |
antigenic shift; genetic reassortment of 4 fluA viruses in animals & humans, most likely in Mexico
|
|
Influenza
signs/symptoms rna or dna (ss or ds) genome is..... genus |
fever
malaise headache myalgia croup (rarely) -ssRNA segmented gnome Orthomyxoviridae |
|
-ssRNA
segmented gnome Orthomyxoviridae Influenza people more susceptible to severe illness |
weak immune systems
very young elderly cancer patients |
|
Influenza
treatment |
oseltamivir (tamiflu)
zanamivir (relenza) only w/in the first 48 hours |
|
-ssRNA
segmented gnome Orthomyxoviridae Influenza preventions |
vaccine made of deactivated viruses
cannot get the flu from the vaccine |
|
bunyaviruses are arboviruses
-ssRNA Hantaviruses are not |
arboviruses but are transmitted to humans via inhalation of virions in dried mouse urine or feces
|
|
bunyaviruses are arboviruses
-ssRNA Hantaviruses causes (the illness) |
HPS--Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
fatal pneumonia, first found in the four corners area of the US in 1993 |
|
naked, segmented dsRNA
reoviruses are |
respiratory and enteric viruses with naked icosahedral capsids
|
|
naked, segmented dsRNA
reoviruses reo stands for |
respiratory
enteric orphan |
|
retroviruses do
|
reverse transcriptase to transcribe dsDNA from ssRNA
|
|
retroviruses contains 2 tRNA molecules and 10-50 copies of the enzymes .......
|
reverse transcriptase
protease integrase |
|
AIDS is not a disease bUT a _________ that is.....
|
syndrome
complex of signs, symptoms, and diseases associated with a common cause |
|
AIDS is several opportunistic or rare infections, in the presence of antibodies agains HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).......
|
and a CD4 white blood cell count below 200 cells per microliter of blood
|
|
HIV 1 is prevalent in
|
the US and Europe
|
|
HIV 2 is prevalent in
|
West Africa
reproduces more slowly |
|
HIV 1
2 antigenic glycoproteins |
gp120
gp41 |
|
HIV infects 4 kinds of cells
|
1. helper T cells
2. cells of macrophage lineage (monocytes, macrophages, microglia) 3. smooth muscle cells 4. dendritic cells |
|
syncytium is ______
|
a giant multinucleate cell, cellular fusion allows it to move from cell to cell
|
|
a provirus is
|
a latent virus
|
|
HIV
diagnosis |
fewer than 200 CD4 lymphcytes per microliter of blood
unexplained weight loss fatigue fever |
|
HIV diagnosis
serological studies (3) |
ELISA
agglutination western blot |
|
ELISA stands for
|
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
|
|
HAART stands for
|
highly active antiretroviral therapy
|
|
HAART is a
***not what the abbreviation stands for |
cocktail of antiviral drugs, nucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, and reverse transcriptase inhibitors to reduce viral replication
|
